2011年5月4日星期三

王力雄:武器消灭不了仇恨

这篇文章,王力雄写于911发生之后不久,在此时重贴,正如文中所言:“战争可以消灭恐怖分子的营地和武器,却不能摧毁滋生恐怖主义的仇恨。恐怖主义的最终源头是人心中的仇恨,仇恨是无法被武器消灭的。反而战争只能增加新的仇恨,消灭了老的恐怖分子,也会同时制造出的新恐怖分子前仆后继。”


王力雄:武器消灭不了仇恨

911袭击发生时,我正在青海藏区做环境教育的项目。消息让我十分震惊。我在当地的藏族寺庙为遇害者进行了默祷。世界舆论对恐怖分子的谴责,我都同意,这里不必重复。我想讲的,是另外一些思考。

在为美国死者默祷的时候,我同时想到了藏区发生的一系列爆炸。就在911前的一个多月,位于康定城的中共甘孜州党委大门刚刚被炸。跟911相比,那爆炸的效果不算什么——轻伤了两个守门武警。但是二者之间有没有相通之处?

藏人是佛教徒,讲慈悲与和平,不讲圣战,他们的精神领袖达赖喇嘛也一再告诫藏人走非暴力之路,然而为什么还有人进行暴力活动,而且持续不断(仅康定一地今年已有三次爆炸)?我想对此我可以理解(虽然我完全反对)——那是因为绝望。当人的所有出路都被堵死,没有任何可能改变自身处境之时,剩下的唯一选择就是暴力。暴力虽然仍旧改变不了处境,但至少可以表达反抗,可以抒缓心中积累的仇恨。恐怖主义炸药的爆炸,首先必然是仇恨的爆炸。

恐怖主义是弱势者的行为。虽说本·拉登财产不少,组织严密,人员众多,但是相对他的敌人——美国和西方世界而言,仍然弱到不成比例。整个阿拉伯甚至整个穆斯林世界对西方而言都是弱势。维吾尔族和藏族相对汉族也同样弱小之极。我这里不想讨论谁是谁非的问题,也不是说弱者一定拥有正义,但我可以比较肯定一点——在强弱之间的对抗中,绝望只能产生于弱势一方,仇恨也最容易在弱者心里爆发,而恐怖主义,往往也就成了仇恨满腔的弱者除了屈服和耻辱以外的唯一选择。

恐怖主义者漠视规则,往往以平民或民用设施为对象,这无疑是罪恶。然而正因为他们的弱势,如果遵守规则的话,就什么也做不成,只能憋死。试想一下,以弱者之力,如何能做到只去攻击强大一方的军队和防守严密的军事目标呢?本·拉登如果强过美国,他何必搞恐怖活动,直接挥兵攻打美国就是了。

仇恨达到一定程度,会使人走向极端,甚至愿意以自己生命换取对敌人的惩罚。不能简单地说恐怖分子没有道德,能够献身的人往往都不乏道德支持,只不过那是另外立场上的道德。做一下换位思考,当世界谴责911攻击者杀害平民的时候,攻击者一定会做出这样的回答——美国对伊拉克的封锁造成了数十万儿童死亡,只杀掉美国几千平民远不够偿还!

极端的民族主义一定程度就是这样产生的,它提供一种精神上的正义性,帮助复仇者用更为神圣的道德压倒良心层面的道德。尽管那正义和神圣可能虚假,却使复仇者可以安心地从事不分对象的毁灭,使其从事的报复达到最大化。这种极端主义往往会和宗教结合在一起,以允诺另一个世界的报偿来吸引不惜生命的献身,制造出毛泽东当年夸耀的“精神原子弹”。

古老宗教激发的牺牲加上当今飞跃发展的科技,使得少数恐怖分子以微小之力可以做出惊天动地之举。911事件是迄今的典范,然而还不能说它已达到极致,就像学术发展是站在前人肩膀上一样,恐怖主义也会不断超越前面的榜样。继续进步的科学技术同时将给“恐怖大王”们提供更多能量。

相比之下,恐怖活动的直接打击是较小破坏,大的破坏是通过扩散效应造成的间接打击,而最大破坏是整个社会安全感的丧失。恐怖分子藏在暗处,防不胜防。为了提防少数几人不知何时可能进行的攻击,社会必须无止境地付出昂贵成本。然而百密一疏,总会有松懈之时,那就是恐怖再次降临之机。如此下去,社会将永无宁日,人类无法维系生存的意义与信心。因此,如果不能消灭恐怖主义,人类永远不能解脱。

那么如何才能消灭恐怖主义?是否消灭掉恐怖势力和恐怖分子,恐怖主义就随之消失?目前在阿富汗的战争似乎就是这种这种思路。然而战争可以消灭恐怖分子的营地和武器,却不能摧毁滋生恐怖主义的仇恨。恐怖主义的最终源头是人心中的仇恨,仇恨是无法被武器消灭的。反而战争只能增加新的仇恨,消灭了老的恐怖分子,也会同时制造出的新恐怖分子前仆后继。

我不太相信关于文明冲突的谈论,也不能苟同从伊斯兰教的角度解释恐怖主义。不错,目前恐怖主义活动多来自穆斯林地区,且常披有伊斯兰教外衣,然而文明和宗教只不过是被用来当作旗帜,聚汇在其下的仇恨并非产生于文明和宗教本身,而是产生于以族群为单位的人群所经受的失败、屈辱与绝望的无奈。

我这样讲的目的不是要为恐怖主义辩护,而是在考虑如何才能最终消灭恐怖主义。在我看来,根本的解决之道只能是化解仇恨。因为仇恨消失了,恐怖主义流淌报复和仇杀毒汁的源头也就随之枯竭。我相信有人会嘲讽这纯属不务实际的幻想,如此之大的世界,怎么会完全消灭仇恨?再美好的社会也做不到这一点。而哪怕只剩下再少的仇恨者,发生恐怖活动的可能就仍然无法避免。

我不否认人类社会可能无法消除所有仇恨,但我认为至少可以从消除族群之间的仇恨着手。我所说的族群可以按照民族、阶级、信仰等做出不同划分——从整体的穆斯林到其中的小教派,从西藏人到法轮功,从下岗工人到台湾居民……每个族群都被特有的命运、历史和感情,以及理想与追求所凝聚。我在这里单独提出族群的仇恨,是因为类似911袭击那种大规模的恐怖活动,只有在族群仇恨的基础上才有可能形成。

没有恐怖主义的恐怖活动只是一般的刑事犯罪。911袭击的成功要同时具备很多条件——严密的组织,巨额资金,长久系统的安排与配合,是单枪匹马的恐怖分子或黑社会式的团伙罪犯无法做到的。尤其是其中关键一环——自愿牺牲者,更是需要宗教或意识形态的激励,以及民族英雄荣誉的感召才能形成。恐怖主义是一个系统,只有在族群中才能形成和保持,也只有整个族群的仇恨能将其驱动,并且靠族群所凝聚的资源来供养。以经常与恐怖主义共生的极端宗教势力为例,如果没有族群仇恨的驱使,宗教在本质上总是鼓励和平为善的,不会鼓励杀戮和给杀手许诺美好天堂。正是族群仇恨使极端势力成了正义化身,使得宗教也变成复仇的武器。恐怖主义与宗教的结合,能够最大程度地汲取资源和整合组织,并获得愿意舍身求死的战士。911袭击者受的是西方教育,习惯西方生活,得到西方的好处,平时他们可能是温文有礼的公民、同事和邻里,却能在最后时刻冷酷无情地带着一飞机平民撞进钢架水泥中。他们不是出于个人恩怨,正是为了族群的仇恨,才冷血地踏上那种亡命之途。

我相信,只要我们这个世界不再有族群之间的仇恨,恐怖主义就会不复存在,911那种大型恐怖活动也就不能发生。而那些没有主义支撑的恐怖活动,或属于个人报复,没有系统,成不了规模;或出于黑社会团伙的利益之求,不会舍身求死,容易把握和防范。那类恐怖活动过去从来有,未来也构不成大威胁,不会造成波及世界的连锁反应。我们这个世界从此就会安全得多。

如果同意消灭族群仇恨是消灭恐怖主义的最佳途径,当前就应该把握这样的原则:第一,不能让911事件造成的愤怒把国际社会引导到仅仅是以暴易暴,更多应该考虑战争以外之事。对世界存在的族群冲突,各方都要自我反省,把主要精力和资源投入到消除族群仇恨、而不是继续加剧族群仇恨上;第二,要防止反恐怖成为国家政权进一步对内进行族群镇压的口实。中国政府借911之机正式宣布维吾尔族的反抗活动是恐怖主义,已经开始显示端倪。对此需要保持高度警惕。尽管目前各种现象重叠交错,难以截然区分,但至少可以把握这样一个标准——凡是有可能继续增加族群仇恨的行为,不管打出的反恐怖理由多么充分,都不能给予支持。这不仅是国际社会应坚持的道义,对当事国本身也有长远好处。因为镇压只会一时有效,继续加深的族群仇恨却是为将来埋设更危险的恐怖炸弹。

在化解仇恨方面,强势族群应该作为主动一方。一方面族群仇恨往往出自强势族群的历史遗产和现实政策;另一方面弱势族群存在着可以理解的自尊敏感,不易超越。强势族群的主动不能仅以物质方式体现。有关物质的事以往已做了不少,其中美国做的最多。中国政府无论对西藏还是新疆,都送去了可观的物质。然而物质不能做到一切,尤其不能替代精神和情感。仇恨不是物质,恰恰是精神情感。强势族群要做的事情,首先应该是让弱势族群在精神上感受正义与平等,感受被尊重和被维护,而不是被征服和被压倒,以及被侮辱和被歧视。在这种看似“无形”的事情上下功夫,效果将会远远超过物质方面的施舍。

我不相信恐怖主义能够打倒美国。911再惊天动地,也不会像有人说的那样“改变历史”。恐怖主义既然是弱者的绝望,无论怎样铤而走险,对强大一方只是造成麻烦,不再像以往那么舒坦而已,改变不了强弱关系的对比。当前热门谈论的“回祸”也难成立。伊斯兰世界虽然人多地大,却不是一个民族,分属多个政府,彼此充满分歧制约,无法成为与西方抗衡的统一力量。相反,虽然中国政府巧妙地利用911事件与美国改善关系,西方社会却不会由此对中国转为信任,我甚至担心疑惧可能进一步加强——一个人口超过全球穆斯林总和的最大民族,对袭击中数千生命的丧失表达出集体性的幸灾乐祸,这一现象一定会给西方世界留下梦魇般的印象。在西方人心目中,只有撒旦才会为这样的灾难兴高采烈,而这个东方撒旦如此庞大,如果让它崛起,岂不就将成为西方世界的末日!

一些同胞还在火上浇油,不乏得意地把911袭击冠以中国专利的“超限战”,似乎是替未来中国打败美国进行的一次演习。然而稍微有点头脑就可以想到,恐怖分子可以使用“超限战”,是因为他们躲在暗处,能逃避惩罚,一个主权国家从事“超限战”却是冤有头债有主。你对人家超限,人家难道不会对你超限?超限对超限,弱者还得失败。而规则被破坏,弱国受保护的屏障也就失掉。历史上弱国所以能够生存,对规则的依赖远多于强国。弱国主动破坏规则,只能是一种愚蠢的自杀。

“超限战”作为中国对外的军事战略没有价值,相反却可以被国内反对势力所用。尤其是在镇压下感到绝望的少数民族极端分子,一旦接受“超限战”思想,走上恐怖主义之路,在境内上演中国版的911袭击,完全不是没有可能。因而,中国政府和中国的知识分子应该懂得,不能鼓励那类只供口头过瘾的思潮,对中国负责任而且有好处的,只能是普及人道、博爱与和平的精神。当然,那首先需要从自己做起。

同时,西方国家也不要被中国的表象迷惑。在我看来,当前所谓中国的民族主义只是一种“足球流氓式”的宣泄——为己方球队加油助威和起哄辱骂对方球队而已,没有真值得世界畏惧的威胁。真正的民族主义是一种信仰,是要像911死士那样为之舍生取义的。而经过百年翻饼最终坠入全民逐利的中国,早已失去信仰立足的基础,起哄时可以比赛踊跃,上战场则会找不到人影。一旦中国进入一个信息开放、言论自由的多元社会,不再受一党专政的政治煽动和洗脑,中国今日展现在世界面前的不可理喻,很快就会发生变化。应当明白,中国的问题不是中国人民的问题,是中国专制权力的问题。要避免未来中国成为世界的“黄祸”,唯有转变中国的专制权力。

2001年10月20日 北京



Weapons Cannot Destroy Hatred


Written by Wang Lixiong

Translated by Ogyen


At the time of 11/9 attacks, I was on an Environmental Education program in a Tibetan area in Qinghai. I was so shocked by the news and silently prayed for the victims in a local Tibetan temple. I agree with the international criticisms against the terrorists, which I am not going to repeat here but I want to share some other thoughts.

While praying for the American victims, I recalled the series of blasts that had taken place in Tibet. The explosion that destroyed Karzey prefecture government gate in Khangding city more than a month before 11/9 incident, which is nothing as compared to 11/9--- slightly injured two guards. But is there anything common between the two?

Being Buddhists, Tibetans believe in compassion and peace, not jihad. Their spiritual leader the Dalai Lama also repeatedly emphasizes Tibetans to follow non-violent paths. Then why are there still people resort to violence, even continuously (three blasts in Khangding alone this year)? I can understand this (though I completely oppose it) --- that is because of desperation. Violence is the only option left when people are forced to a limit of desperation where no other solution is available. Though violence cannot change the situation, it can at least express resistance to relieve the mind that is filled with hatred. The first explosion from the terrorists is the explosion of their hatred.

Terrorism is a behavior of the weak. Although Osama Bin Laden is wealthy, Al-Qaida is well organized and having a large membership, as compared to his enemy --- the US and the western world, he is too weak to be compared. The entire Arab, even the Islamic world is weaker than the west. Likewise, Uyghurs and Tibetans are too weak to be compared to the Chinese. I am not going to discuss here who is right and wrong, and it is not necessary that justice is always with the weak, but what can be ensured is that in the fight between the strong and weak, desperation always comes from the weaker side and hatred also most likely grows in the mind of the weak. Thus, apart from surrendering and being humiliated, terrorism becomes the only option for the hateful weak.

By violating the law, terrorists usually target civilians and public properties, which are undoubtedly crimes. However, being the weaker side, they can do nothing but to suffocate to death if they abide by the law. Imagine, how can the weak go and attack the army and strictly guarded military compound of the strong? Why would Bin Laden involve in terrorist activities if he is stronger than the US, he can simply order his army to fight the US.

When hatred reaches a definite level, it makes man go to extremes, even by sacrificing one's own life to punish the enemy. We cannot simply say terrorists are unethical and immoral; those who can sacrifice their lives are not short of moral support, but theirs are different standards of morality. On contrary, when so many innocent civilians were killed in 11/9, those extremists would definitely say America’s blockading Iraq killed more than ten thousand Iraqi children, killing few thousands Americans is far from being compensated.

This is how extreme fundamentalism is usually formed, it provides some kind of spiritual justice that justifies the avengers to deploy more sacred ethics to cover up the ethics at the conscience level. Irrespective of the justice and sacredness being unfounded, they would comfortably go and take revenge to the maximum effect indiscriminately. This type of extremism is often tied with religious faith that promises compensation in next life that enables them to dedicate lives for the cause, and thus produces what Mao Zedong used to flaunt as “spiritual atom bomb”.

Life sacrifices inspired by the ancient religious thoughts combined with swiftly developing science and technology can make a small section of people with negligible power do unimaginable destructions. 11/9 is an epitome though, it is not yet the most extreme act, like present academic development is far more advanced than that of the past, the extremists also keep trying to exceed past examples of revenge. Continuous development of science and technology, meanwhile, provides the "terror leaders" more capabilities.

Comparatively, direct attacks by the terrorists are lesser destructions, bigger destructions are indirect attacks created by diffusing the effects, and the biggest is the absence of security sense for the entire society. Terrorists are hidden and so cannot be guarded against. For guarding against few terrorists without knowing when they would sneak out and attack, society has to endlessly pay a high price. It is their opportunity to attack again whenever the protection loosens. This way, society would never be in peace and mankind would not find meaning and confidence for existence.

Then how can we eliminate terrorism? Will terrorism disappear with the elimination of terrorists and their power? This is how they likely think of the current Afghan war. However, war can destroy terrorists’ camps and their weapons but it can never destroy deep-rooted enmity bred in their hearts. Human heart is the only original source of hatred for terrorism and no weapon can destroy this hatred. In turn, wars breed fresh hatred, eliminating older terrorists creates new generations of young terrorists to succeed.

I do not believe in talks of cultural conflicts and I cannot agree explaining terrorism from Islamic point of view. It is right that most of the terror activities are from Muslim regions with Islamic cover. However, religion and culture are merely used as flags, consolidated hatred below this flag has not been borne out of religion and culture but has grown from experienced failures, humiliation, desperation and hopelessness of group of individuals.

Speaking thus, I am not protecting terrorism but pondering over how to eliminate it. According to me, the only option is to resolve hatred as when there is no hatred, there is no reason to take revenge and so acts of revenge like killing and destroying would not be necessary. I am sure some people would laugh at this unrealistic illusion and ask that the world is so vast and how would it be possible to eliminate hatred completely. Even the best society cannot do this. Even though there is the least possible hatred, we still cannot avoid the possibility of terror attacks.

I do not deny human society possibly cannot eliminate all hatreds, but we can start with eliminating group hatred at least. My so-called group can be classified on the basis of nations, classes, faiths etc --- the entire Muslims to internal sects among them, Tibet to Falun Kong, laid-off workers to residents of Taiwan etc. Each group is integrated with specific destiny, history and feelings, dreams and pursuits. I singularly talk about group hatred here because large-scale terror activities like 11/9 would only be possible with its foundation being group hatred.

Terror activities in the absence of terrorism are just normal criminal offences. Terror attacks such as 11/9 would need multiple conditions to succeed --- well-organization, huge amount of capital, long-term system planning and coordination, a few terrorists with guns or underground criminal gangs cannot succeed it. Especially the final requirement --- suicide attackers, who have to be inspired by religion and ideology, appeal with the honor of national hero can only transform them willing to donate lives. Terrorism is a system which can only be formed and maintained within a group, can be driven only with the collective hatred of the group and can only thrive with resources accumulated by the entire group. Terrorists are usually extreme religious forces, without group hatred to drive, the faith itself essentially advocates peace and promotes compassion but never encourages killing and promises heaven after death. It is group hatred that embodies extreme forces with justice and thus makes religion the weapon of revenge. The combination of extremism and religion can acquire resources and organize integration to the maximum level, and even acquires brave soldiers to sacrifice lives. 11/9 attackers were western educated people adapted to western way of life and got western benefits, they must normally be polite citizens, colleagues and neighbors, but eventually flew planes full of civilians ruthlessly into those concrete walls of cement and steel. These startling acts were not driven by individual grievances but group hatred that made them cold-bloodedly sacrifice their lives.

I believe eradicating hatred among groups in the world would end terrorism without which large-scale terror destructions like 11/9 would not take place. Those terror activities not sustained by specific doctrines, like personal revenges are not systems and so would not be of that scale; or underground gangs pursuing selfish interests would not meet their demands by committing suicides and would thus be easily grasped and prevented. This type of terror activities was always there in the past and so will not pose much of a threat in future to the extent of chain reactions the world over. Our world would ever since be much safer to live in.

If we agree eliminating group hatred being the best way to eradicate terrorism, we should now be sure of these principles: Firstly we should not let the extreme anger created by the 11/9 attacks lead the international community to respond violently but to find ways other than wars to resolve the issue. When there is a group conflict, both sides should self-reflect and invest all energy and resource to removing the group hatred but not intensifying it. Secondly we should prevent the political regime using anti-terrorism as a pretext to internally oppress specific groups of people. There are clues of Chinese government currently taking the opportunity of 11/9 to openly announce that the Uyghur rebels are terrorists. Though it is difficult to have a complete differentiation at this current period of complex phenomena but we should always be careful and at least be clear of such a standard --- though however satisfying the reasons are to prove terrorism, if it is a behavior intensifying group hatred, we should not support it. This standard should not only be the international standard of moral justice, but also the country in question, for oppression can only be effective temporarily, continuously intensifying group hatred buries much more dangerous terror explosives for future.

While resolving hatred, the stronger side should be more proactive since this hatred is usually because of historical inheritance or current policies of the stronger side; on the other hand, the weaker group is more sensitive and ready to accept themselves being respected. This mending of relationship should not only be material that has already done a lot in the past especially America. China has also visibly brought so much material progress in Tibet and East Turkistan. However, material development cannot solve all problems, especially it cannot replace spiritual needs and feelings as hatred is exactly a spiritual feeling and not material needs. So the powerful group, instead of conquering and repressing, humiliating and insulting the weaker group, they should first let the weaker group emotionally feel equal and just, respected and protected. This “invisible” initiative actually is much more effective than material compensation.

I do not believe terrorism can defeat America. However more earth-shaking 11/9 was, it would not "change history" like people presume. Terrorism is a desperate state of the weak, however desperate, what they can do is to create some troubles to the strong and the strong cannot live as comfortable as used to be, but they can never change the power imbalance between the two. Islamic world is so vast and populated though, it is not composed of only one nation and there are many governments, full of constraints and differences among them and so it is impossible to unite into a single force to challenge the west. In contrary, though China is applying 11/9 to improve its relations with the US but the western community will not trust China easily because of that, I think they will become even more suspicious of China --- a nation with a population more than all Muslims in the world combined, who collectively expressed joy and celebrated over the loss of thousands of lives in the attacks, which must have left impressions of nightmares to the west. To the western world, only Satan would enjoy such disasters, but this eastern Satan is so gigantic, letting this rise would mean the end of the west!

There are people even adding fuels to the fire by proudly calling the11/9 attacks “unrestricted warfare”, as if these attacks are just exercises of China defeating America in the future. However, people with a little insight can understand that terrorists use “unrestricted warfare” as they are hidden and can escape punishments, but a sovereign country involving in "restricted warfare" would mean fatal. You wage an unrestricted war on them and can they not do the same on you? Unrestricted wars from both sides would again mean the defeat of the weaker side. When laws are broken, the weaker side loses their protective shelters. The weak could manage to survive through the history just because they relied more on laws than the strong did. So proactive breaking of laws by the weak is a foolish suicide.

Making “unrestricted warfare” China’s external military strategy is worthless, conversely it could be used by the internal opposition forces, especially by the desperate minority extremists resulted from the government’s oppressions, who once grab “unrestricted warfare” ideology and choose terror path, creating Chinese version of 11/9 inside China is not impossible. Therefore, Chinese government and Chinese intelligentsia should realize that the ideological trend of those who speak irresponsibly should not be encouraged, but only peace, love and universal humanitarianism. Certainly, first we should start these from ourselves.

At the same time, there is no need for the western countries to be confused of Chinese appearance. According to me, the present Chinese nationalism is merely a “football hooligan style” behavior --- only cheering for one’s own team while abusing the other, it is not worth for the world to feel threatened and fear. Real nationalism is a faith like those 11/9 attackers sacrificing lives for justice. Coming to this present age of fame after centuries of upheavals, China has already lost its foundation of faith, people jostle for jeering but no one wants to join the battle. Once China becomes a pluralistic society with free information, freedom of expression, no political propaganda and brain-washing by this one-party rule, the China displayed before the world would be unimaginable, I believe this change will come soon. It should be understood that the Chinese problem is not the problem of Chinese people but that of the government. Only by changing this autocratic power, we can avoid China becoming a "disaster" to the world.

20/10/2001 Beijing.


13 条评论:

  1. 推特上,有关这篇文章的讨论:

    qiumazha 我是从这篇文章才知道王力雄的。记得当时读完后叹服作者缜密的思维,认为这是一个少有的没有民粹思想的思考民族问题的学者。于是开始追踪看。当时有一个疑惑,即文章中呼吁的“在化解仇恨方面,强势族群应该作为主动一方"中提到的”强势“。谁是强势?这个疑问至今仍在。@degewa

    degewa 强势…这个不言而明吧。蚂蚱兄一定有自己的看法。。

    qiumazha 强势不应该只是单纯的物质力量的比较。精神上的强势有时比任何物化的东西都要强大和具有毁灭性。圣战就是。对在明处的国家、社会、个人来说,暗处的每一次哪怕是一个爆炸的雷管,造成的伤害都是强势对弱势无辜者的。更何况让单纯意义上的强势主动和解其动力来源何处?

    qiumazha 权力是春药,“权力使人保持年轻”(丘吉尔语)。强势的权力凭什么弯下腰和弱势进行沟通和解。坦率地说,我从来不相信政治道德。理想和道德作为准则在政治活动中是重要的,但这仅限于民主政府。把道德作为方法来施政几乎行不通,即使在西方也是如此。问题出来了:什么才能使权力弯腰?

    degewa 无解了

    as50as 挑战权力让人上瘾

    qiumazha 当你承认无解时,再读王兄的这篇文章,你就会感慨良多。我就是。我无法不认同王兄的观点,几乎所有的都认同。但,我好像除了认同之外,就是认同而已。这是一种什么样的阅读经历啊。

    degewa 不禁想起崔健唱的:“我的理想在哪儿,我的身体在这儿…”

    li2nd 戈尔巴乔夫和叶利钦解散苏共解体苏联,如果不认为是政治道德作用那该怎解?

    avb001 在专制体制下,权力不具备柔韧性,只有被折断这一种可能性。

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  2. qiumazha 一个好问题。我引用尼克松的话:”伟大的思想可以改变历史,但只能在产生了能给这些思想以力量的伟大领袖之后才能实现。“前苏联解体是否是道德起作用我不敢妄下定论,但有一点肯定:现在的俄罗斯仍是寡头政治。 @li2nd 戈尔巴乔夫和叶利钦解散苏共解体苏联,如果不认为是政治道德作用那该怎解?

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  3. 有一点可以肯定,王力雄在思想上是比较亲左翼的!

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  4. 在如何解決種族衝突上,消解仇恨上如果諸位希望快樂幸福地生活一輩子,可以多了解佛陀的教導和達賴喇嘛的思想。一切從教育智慧良善入手,這需要一定自由的政治環境相配合,就可以消除族群間的反感或對峙。

    第一,要要學會做人,學會做人正直良善的人。

    改變目前在黨政洗腦和極端民族主義的煽動,不要把人教導成貪欲和仇恨的載體。普世價值被淡漠,善惡是非不再重要的時候是人類受苦受難的徵兆。保證知情權和表達權是良善智慧教育的基礎。

    第二尊重人的價值。人是一切幸福快樂的主體。

    物質的價值不應該超越人的價值,我們生活在一個工商的社會。但是人的追求、尊嚴、信仰、幸福和人本身不能量化成物質。

    第三尊重族群的選擇權

    中國政府常常答非所問:對西藏的投資和建設如何如何(其實很多投資花在壓制西藏文明,加強專制漢化和安置移民上)。其實西藏人的訴求主要不是經濟改善而是政治權利,社會權力。是選擇如何生活的權利,選擇如何發展的權利。如果政府尊重民眾的選擇權,各個族群可以幸福地生活在這寬闊的大地上。

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  5. 达赖喇嘛抵洛杉矶演说 青年学生关注西藏文化(组图)
    2011-05-04

    西藏精神领袖达赖喇嘛星期二在美国南加州大学向中外学生与公众发表演说,并将于星期三早上接受国际人权组织颁发“光明奖”,表彰他对人权伦理等普世价值的卓越贡献。

    图片:达赖喇嘛因感冒延迟抵洛,3日在南加大演讲(南加大提供)


    达赖喇嘛在东京因感冒和喉咙不适,延后飞抵洛杉矶。取消前两天活动以后,3日在南加大对中外学生与公众演讲,是此行在美停留两星期首场公开活动。

    在南加大主修心理学的中国留学生冯同学表示:“这是我第一次见到达赖喇嘛,在国内是不可能的。”记者询问冯同学,达赖莅校演讲是否成为同学关注的活动?他回答:“同学里面大概有百分之五、六十都过来了。”

    当地时间早上九点,南加大盖伦中心(Galen Center)门外排起长约三百米的队伍,数以千计的群众等候进场。针对西藏流亡政府刚投票选举洛桑桑盖为新任总理,走在队伍里的中国留学生郭同学说:“我还真不知道这事,那可能是藏族的政治需要。我去过西藏两次,了解到很多有关藏族的事,他们有个很明确的问题,对‘政教合一’制度来说,藏族要选出领导人或活佛,要在圆寂以后才能选,这不是简简单单地说想要推派谁,或是通过选举就能产生,达赖喇嘛已有很高岁数,下一任领导人怎么做?或怎么选?都是值得关注的问题。”
    m0504th1phot.jpg
    图片:达赖获赠印有南加大(USC)校徽运动帽,随即戴上与青年学生交流(南加大提供)

    另一位来美攻读文化研究的中国留学生汪同学则说,“我不太知道西藏流亡政府选出新领导人,这是我第一次听说,也刚知道他们选举了新领导。”

    本次演讲会主办方南加大宗教和谐小组(Student Interfaith Council)安排达赖喇嘛接受学生上网和现场提问,但未安排媒体近距离录像或访问,而中国学生对西藏自治和信仰文化最感兴趣。
    郭同学说:“如果抛开政治目的,达赖喇嘛作为和平主义者来到美国讲点东西,我们可以来听一听,好的可以吸收,不好的就予摒弃。我身为学生,不参与政治,所以也就不去考虑另外的原因,把达赖视为简简单单,通晓很多佛学知识的高僧来这里宣传和平,以及为基金会募款。如果牵涉到政治,那可能就不是简单的对与错了。”

    汪同学则说:“我觉得同校的中国人(同学)可能受到影响,对达赖存有负面印象。但是,我看今天来了很多外国人,他们对达赖都满感兴趣的。”

    达赖喇嘛到访洛杉矶之前,对汉藏问题持不同意见的两派留学生在校园网上论坛互指对方“被洗脑”,两方言论交锋氛围也漫延到等候进场队伍当中。

    冯同学表示:“洗脑?人都来到美国了,没有什么好洗脑的,在这边就是想说什么想做什么都是自己的自由。”

    汪同学也说:“之前我也是觉得西藏就应该属于中国嘛,但是来到美国以后发现一起学习的群体里有非常好的美国人,他们很诚实地对我说‘西藏应该独立’,当時让我很是惊讶,因为我以前很排斥这样的说法,后来我发现他们这么说有一定的道理,为什么外国人都这么想?所以我觉得这个还是需要大家好好谈一谈。”
    汪同学进一步表示,和外国朋友针对西藏问题广泛交流,有机会以不同视角看向西藏历史文化。她说:“就因为他们是独立的一个藏族,想要维持并传扬自己的文化是很正常的事情。对我来说,他们选举新领导人,或是继续由达赖当政并无差别,我对这个(政治事务)不太了解,不方便,不方便说。”


    以上是自由亚洲电台记者萧融发自洛杉矶的报导。

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  6. 唯色也喜欢崔健么? 曾经整夜整夜地听他的经典: ‘一块红布’,‘让我在雪地里撒点儿野’,‘花房姑娘’等等等等, 据说“一块红布”有影射“六”“四”,唯独对他的‘新长征路上的摇滚’不解,那算是红歌么?

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  7. 影射‘六’‘四’的歌是‘最后一枪’

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  8. 阿佳啦,我又把以上这篇文章翻译成了英文,但是由于长度超过留言板允许的字符数,不可接受,通过邮件发给您吧。在脸书(Facebook)上见,图吉切:)

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  9. 专制制度的实力,是世界民主实力的公敌。专制制度包括以中国为首的“党”专制的国家,和阿拉伯地区“教”专制的这样两种专制国家。他们是其它民主国家的共同敌人。世界各国进入民主新秩序必须取缔专制。假如,今天还有人划不清这个界限就太可悲了。专制是一种毒素,它会对世界其它国家权力机构产生腐蚀作用。有些掌有权力的领导人,暗自模仿着专制的手法,在民主国家小范围的扩张专制野心。全世界人民不可不防。

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  10. Ogyen,感谢译成英文。这篇文章是比较长。你可以分成几段贴,我能看见。

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  11. 那位问我是不是也喜欢崔健歌的网友,你的话让我想起十年前写的一篇文章,于是忍不住要贴在这里给你看了:

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  12. “为聆听肌肤里钻石的哭泣……”


    1、

    怎样说出我重又听到这些歌的感受?

    是在拉萨的天空下行走的时候。这之前打开一个很少开启的抽屉,灰尘竟穿过缝隙撒下薄薄的一层。拂去灰尘也就触及了记忆,而且是触及了被歌声环绕的记忆。就这样重又见到了这盘磁带。有划痕的壳。蒙在壳上的纸被撕掉了一小角,但颜色还新,一道像是打在厚墙上的红光照亮着这几个字:崔健1986——1996。

    我把它装进小机器里就出门了。正值午后。猛烈的阳光以西藏特有的强度将屋外的世界照耀得一片亮堂。这才叫做光天化日。但更为猛烈的是一首乍然响起的歌。瞬息之间,不,比瞬息还要快,就穿透耳膜,如狂风暴雨一般席卷了整个身心。

    其实这是一首温柔的歌。温柔得不能再温柔。一块红布。那天是你用一块红布,蒙住我双眼也蒙住了天。你问我看见了什么,我说我看见了幸福。可我什么也没有看见。我来不及看见已经被泪水蒙住了双眼也蒙住了天。

    一块红布将我一下子裹成一团,使我呼吸困难,举步维艰。这是一块很旧的红布,纤维已经稀疏,散发着陈年往事的气息。是的。陈年往事。在一片迷迷茫茫的光线里渐渐重现。

    2、

    说起来真的并不遥远啊。多少年?七年,九年,最多不超过十三年。那是最早听到这些歌的时间。

    唱吧。一起唱吧。在一间被群山和河流包围的小屋里。一无所有。如今早已散落各方、杳无音讯的几个年青人在跟着唱。充满激情。但也是属于那一段年龄的激情。与那其实很悲凉、很无奈的歌无关。那时候,悲凉和无奈都还没有降临到他们的身上。脚下这地在走,身边这水在流,这一切发生之后才发现没有可能抓紧你的双手。

    阳光。猛烈的阳光。当一个人能够承受如此猛烈的阳光,那肯定是青春时节的花样年华。花房姑娘。靠在门上,眼看着从这样的阳光下大步走来的一个人充满活力,无比健康。他结实的胳膊黝黑发亮。他灿烂的笑容天真无邪。就这样。一段在花的迷香里沉醉的日子。如今我只要走近一幅尚未完成的绘画就会闻到那样的迷香。

    让我在雪地上撒点儿野。黄河边上,一个血气方刚的年青人把这首歌唱得惟妙惟肖。简陋的酒馆。无数瓶可以让人一醉的酒。与我们的心态相应的是撒野似的无拘无束的渴望。

    并且行走。在行走中唱这样的歌。我要从南走到北,我还要从白走到黑,我要人们都看到我,但不知道我是谁。于是在不断的行走中相遇,分别,遗忘。假如你看我有点累,就请你给我倒碗水,假如你已经爱上我,就请你吻我的嘴。可是要爱上我你就别怕后悔,总有一天我要远走高飞,因为我不想留在一个地方,也不愿有人跟随,所以我们最终只有也最好是相忘于江湖。

    很快就到了今天。快得来让我措手不及。一个正在北方农村拍纪录片的女友在信中写道,“我还一直没有来得及把自己从年青人的位置中搬开,可又没有准备好成为一个成年人。”

    3、

    有一次,我看见了崔健的身影,也听到他在唱一无所有。那是在一部纪录片里。穿毛时代军服的他有一种革命者的气质。在那个广场,初夏的阳光洒在年青人的身上。那么多的年青人啊犹如麦浪滚滚,一眼望不到边。他站在他们中间,乍看上去毫无区别,至多有几分年龄上的成熟和忧愁。但事实上,那样特殊的时候,年龄并不能说明什么。只不过青春的热血更容易抛洒,更显得鲜红,因而更加触目惊心。阳光洒在击节悲歌的人身上。也会洒在阴谋家的脸上和可以杀死人的武器上。崔健在这部真实的影片中一晃而过,但他的那一声声如泣如诉的歌唱在持续不断的“你这就跟我走”的坚持中贯穿始终。

    4、

    我怎么也不会想到重又听到这些歌的时候,竟发觉这些歌与这个地方如此谐调。这个地方就是西藏。就是拉萨。就是帕廓街。它们彼此之间,最深处的悲哀,空旷,寂寥,竟然何其相似。

    阳光如钻石。如碎裂的钻石。闪烁着碎裂的钻石无数碎裂的光芒。在这样碎裂的光芒中我听见了哭泣。先是哽咽。很快化作号啕。但都不会被别人听见。除了我自己。因为这样碎裂的哭泣是在肌肤里发生的。

    人如潮水,首尾相接,天天如此循环往复的一圈又一圈。穿藏袍的人脸上阳光灿烂。似乎阳光灿烂。见不到一丝泪水的痕迹。于是在别人的眼光中全被认为是阳光的宠儿。别人都很阴郁。每个细胞都需要阳光的照射,越强烈越好。可是,阳光,啊阳光!

    阳光下,哭泣只能隐藏在肌肤里。我的血管浸透了泪水。血水交融着昼夜奔流。那么,深夜,当阳光被月光替换,是否我的哭泣才会冲出肌肤的封锁,那粒粒碎裂的钻石终于洒满一地,再也无法拾起?

    为什么,重又听到这些歌会听出这样的感受?不知道。我不知道。可那钻石一般的哭泣啊分明深入肌肤。走在帕廓街上,一道刺目的红光骤然掠过眼前,一阵突然的痉挛几乎使我难以迈步。

    2001年5月于拉萨

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  13. 关于六四的一首英文歌:blood is on the square,广场上的热血。

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4PJVLTrjt0

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