tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1014136799609703422024-03-15T19:30:22.000+08:00看不见的西藏~唯色Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger2521125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-38275958099704288112024-03-15T19:29:00.005+08:002024-03-15T19:29:28.038+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十六)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十六)" height="413" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/@@images/19ebe9c7-0ab3-4b2f-8abf-d90dd8558387.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十六)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">1943年日本航拍双黄寺</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="1943年日本航拍双黄寺" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1943年日本航拍双黄寺"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">网络截图/唯色提供</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div class="slider one-time slick-initialized slick-slider slick-dotted" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 22px; position: relative; touch-action: pan-y; user-select: none;"><button aria-label="Previous" class="slick-prev slick-arrow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-radius: 2px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 20px; left: -25px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25) 0px 1px; top: 203.5px; transform: translate(0px, -50%); user-select: none; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; width: 20px; z-index: 10;" type="button">Previous</button><div class="slick-list draggable" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 383px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);"><div class="slick-track" style="box-sizing: border-box; left: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: 0px; transform: translate3d(-620px, 0px, 0px); width: 14260px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-012.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-012.jpeg/@@images/867ec092-75f0-4e2b-a552-162064145596.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-012.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">西黄寺与已为“总政大院”的东黄寺紧邻(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="false" class="slick-slide slick-current slick-active" data-slick-index="0" id="slick-slide00" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 382.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-002.jpeg" height="344" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-002.jpeg/@@images/0aa34e4d-7606-4acc-88ba-4e1a98967cef.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-002.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺山门(拍摄于1909年)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="1" id="slick-slide01" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 388.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-003.jpeg" height="350" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-003.jpeg/@@images/5fbc4579-ec70-4cc5-85ac-44f58f9c2fb8.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-003.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺碑亭(德国人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="2" id="slick-slide02" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 454.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-004.jpeg" height="416" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-004.jpeg/@@images/4bb3a94f-9f78-46f4-b835-5c7f89741288.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-004.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺大乘殿(德国人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="3" id="slick-slide03" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 491.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-005.jpg" height="453" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-005.jpg/@@images/6127af2b-6263-423f-bfcf-61ef2845e04c.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-005.jpg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺天王殿天王像(德国人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="4" id="slick-slide04" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 515.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-006.jpg" height="477" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-006.jpg/@@images/a41637e8-10e4-4271-8fbb-a98b1bbf604f.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-006.jpg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺大乘殿内佛像(日本人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="5" id="slick-slide05" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 469.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-007.jpg" height="431" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-007.jpg/@@images/2915347e-5bb9-45d7-8c75-7cd74f11fcd0.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-007.jpg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">微博截图</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="6" id="slick-slide06" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-008.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-008.jpeg/@@images/1e661cc3-bebc-493c-8bf2-fc4b7e64268f.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-008.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">今日东黄寺已是“总政大院”(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="7" id="slick-slide07" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-009.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-009.jpeg/@@images/90137472-b9a8-4fb1-a81c-9ee70c7dff70.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-009.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">西黄寺内的“西黄寺博物馆”(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="8" id="slick-slide08" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-010.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-010.jpeg/@@images/d916f317-1f5d-4ca9-a230-70edf211d8c0.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-010.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">一墙之隔可以望见佛学院的屋顶(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="9" id="slick-slide09" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 865.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-011.jpeg" height="827" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-011.jpeg/@@images/91251b0a-7322-426f-ab26-8846b2be8ff1.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-011.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">西黄寺内乾隆皇帝建的“班禅塔”犹在(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide" data-slick-index="10" id="slick-slide010" role="tabpanel" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-012.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-012.jpeg/@@images/867ec092-75f0-4e2b-a552-162064145596.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-012.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">西黄寺与已为“总政大院”的东黄寺紧邻(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="11" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 382.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-002.jpeg" height="344" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-002.jpeg/@@images/0aa34e4d-7606-4acc-88ba-4e1a98967cef.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-002.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺山门(拍摄于1909年)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="12" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 388.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-003.jpeg" height="350" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-003.jpeg/@@images/5fbc4579-ec70-4cc5-85ac-44f58f9c2fb8.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-003.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺碑亭(德国人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="13" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 454.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-004.jpeg" height="416" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-004.jpeg/@@images/4bb3a94f-9f78-46f4-b835-5c7f89741288.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-004.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺大乘殿(德国人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="14" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 491.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-005.jpg" height="453" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-005.jpg/@@images/6127af2b-6263-423f-bfcf-61ef2845e04c.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-005.jpg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺天王殿天王像(德国人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="15" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 515.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-006.jpg" height="477" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-006.jpg/@@images/a41637e8-10e4-4271-8fbb-a98b1bbf604f.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-006.jpg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">东黄寺大乘殿内佛像(日本人拍摄于上世纪四十年代)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="16" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 469.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-007.jpg" height="431" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-007.jpg/@@images/2915347e-5bb9-45d7-8c75-7cd74f11fcd0.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-007.jpg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">微博截图</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="17" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-008.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-008.jpeg/@@images/1e661cc3-bebc-493c-8bf2-fc4b7e64268f.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-008.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">今日东黄寺已是“总政大院”(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="18" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-009.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-009.jpeg/@@images/90137472-b9a8-4fb1-a81c-9ee70c7dff70.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-009.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">西黄寺内的“西黄寺博物馆”(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="19" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-010.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-010.jpeg/@@images/d916f317-1f5d-4ca9-a230-70edf211d8c0.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-010.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">一墙之隔可以望见佛学院的屋顶(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="20" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 865.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-011.jpeg" height="827" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-011.jpeg/@@images/91251b0a-7322-426f-ab26-8846b2be8ff1.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-011.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">西黄寺内乾隆皇帝建的“班禅塔”犹在(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="slick-slide slick-cloned" data-slick-index="21" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: 503.797px; min-height: 1px; width: 620px;" tabindex="-1"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 620px;"><img alt="6月RFA评论2-012.jpeg" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html/tianhua/66708rfa8bc48bba2-012.jpeg/@@images/867ec092-75f0-4e2b-a552-162064145596.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA评论2-012.jpeg" width="620" /><p class="slideshow_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">西黄寺与已为“总政大院”的东黄寺紧邻(友人近日拍摄)</p></div></div></div></div></div><button aria-label="Next" class="slick-next slick-arrow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; 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width: 20px;" tabindex="-1" type="button">11</button></li></ul></div></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;">15<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、作为祭坛的雍和宫及黄寺(下)</span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Google<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">可以告诉我们更多有关黄寺的信息。比如,最早可以追溯到满清顺治皇帝邀请五世达赖喇嘛来北京会晤,为此在辽金时期创建的一座佛寺的基址上改建葺修了东黄寺,还在西面建了</span>“同垣异构”的西黄寺,格局皆为中土寺院风格,统称黄寺,位于德胜门外的校场北。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">1652<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月,五世达赖喇嘛率三千护卫从拉萨哲蚌寺启程,</span>12<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月抵达北京并住五个月,东黄寺与</span>西黄寺即是尊者的驻锡之处。其中,西黄寺的住处又被称为“达赖楼”。1780<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,六世班禅喇嘛应邀给乾隆皇帝祝寿来北京两个月,正是住在</span>西黄寺的“达赖楼”,应该也是因所谓的“染疫天花”而于此处圆寂,之后乾隆皇帝下诏在西侧立塔纪念,这座清净化城塔俗称“班禅塔”。至光绪皇帝时,十三世达赖喇嘛因英军入侵西藏,先是至蒙古避难,后于1908<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>9<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月访问北京,以求援力,两个月后离开北京,</span>也在东、西黄寺都住过,并在西黄寺多次举行法会,受到大批各族佛教徒朝拜,还接见来访的各国使节及政要,也偶尔驻锡雍和宫。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">因这些历史,尤其是出自历代满清皇帝的隆重修建和供奉,以及被迎请至帝都的藏传佛教最高领袖和高僧们的供奉和传法,留下了这样一句老话在北京流传:“东黄寺的殿,西黄寺的塔”,以赞叹建筑的辉煌。而“双黄寺建成后,多次接待来自西藏的高僧大德,加上达赖五世与六世班禅的到来,对早已皈依黄教的蒙、藏民族来说,产生了极大的宗教与政治影响。此后,来京觐见的蒙古贵族以及藏族僧侣,几乎必到双黄寺朝拜,且多住于东黄寺。”【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">岁月更替,到了中共建立的中华人民共和国时期,据维基中文百科写,“1958<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,东黄寺</span>全部建筑、西黄寺的达赖喇嘛庙因破败而被拆除”,但没细说是如何“破败”,又是谁拆的、怎么拆的。搜索网络却有新的发现,中国官媒如北京日报、中新网等,一直声称“北京东黄寺…或毀于八国联军入侵”,然而有很多关于东黄寺的老照片却是1906年拍的、1909年拍的、1920年拍的、1922年拍的、1928年拍的;还有1930<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年代拍的、</span>1940<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年代拍的</span>……据查,都是当时驻北京的西方外交官及西方摄影师、日本摄影师拍摄的。从照片上清楚可见,东黄寺的一座座佛殿宏大而完整,一尊尊佛像高大而完整,并没有被毁殆尽的迹象啊,而我记得八国联军入侵的旧事明明是1900年发生的,那么问题来了,拆除东黄寺的到底是谁?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">据推特上的网友介绍,1949<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年之后,东黄寺归属中央军委,至今仍有总政治部、总参谋部、总装备部等机构在其中。有北京人撰文【</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】称,“</span>提到鼓楼、安定门外的黄寺儿,很多人首先想到的不是那喇嘛庙,而是总政大院。全称为‘中国人民解放军总政治部’” 。有文章【3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】写:“</span>1949<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年初北平达成和平解放协定”,中共军队进城并争相“号房子”、占地方、“拆民房”,而黄寺那里,“北京军区包括炮兵包括后勤在内的好几个单位都在那里”,不过</span>1960<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年北京军区搬出了黄寺,迁至西山盖院,而在黄寺的“营房移交(中央军委)</span> 总部”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">那么东黄寺那些佛殿、碑亭、钟鼓楼等等建筑呢?继续搜索网络,在新浪微博上看到一条附有四张老照片的帖子写:“(图为)1958年被拆的东黄寺大殿及大殿的内部。那么为什么要拆除这座有300多年的具有建筑和艺术价值的古迹呢?搜索度娘(即百度)看到这样的说法:为迎接十年大庆,1958年起修建人民大会堂。由周总理委托画家傅抱石、关山月制作巨幅国画‘江山如此多娇’,并由毛主席题写画名。由于画长7米,完5米,找不到珍贵木材做画框。占据东黄寺的军队高官就向总理进言说,安定门外有座寺庙的梁桂是金丝楠木,留着这些封建迷信宗教愚弄群众,不如拆了为社会主义建设服务。于是,拆除东黄寺找到了名正言顺的理由,黄寺大梁被用来做了大会堂的画框。”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】据网上留言,不只是大梁做了画框,基本上所有的材料都用在了</span>1958<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年毛泽东的“十大工程”【</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】之一,即建人民大会堂。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">另有说法称,东黄寺被拆除是因为其地理位置,恰在北京的中轴线上或中轴线向北的延线上,从风水上来说堪称相当重要。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">前面引述的文章还写:“北京有句老话:‘东黄寺的殿,西黄寺的塔。’可如今只见西黄寺,东黄寺却没了。……两寺均为喇嘛庙,殿宇重叠,瓦皆黄色,因有黄寺之名。可惜的是,东黄寺终究在历史变动的惊涛骇浪中被湮没了。”【6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】 “……</span>之前有人说,东黄寺毁于八国联军,这是不对的。八国联军是破坏了东黄寺,但之后清政府又进行了维修,目前尚存很多东黄寺上世纪三、四十年代的照片,照片表明当时的双黄寺古建保存相当完好。又有人说抗战期间被日本人摧毁,这也不确切,因为日本人在1943<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年的航摄中有一张‘双黄寺’的照片,显示双黄寺还比较完整,况且日本人向来崇拜中国的传统文化和古建筑。</span>德国摄影师海达·莫理循在上世纪三、四十年代拍摄了许多北京双黄寺的照片,这些照片反映当时的双黄寺大部分建筑保存完好。中国精美的古建筑绝大多数都毁灭在我们自己手里。”【7<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">更有多篇文章披露在整个中国,“1958年大炼钢铁,铁佛被炼,寺院道场亦被拆毁,夷为平地”“1958<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年大炼钢铁,大批佛像被作为废铜重加冶炼,至文革中更遭毁灭性劫难”“当年大炼钢铁时代,国内尤其是北方有许多金属质地的佛像被运到重工业基地的沈阳来冶炼”“</span>大炼钢铁时焚毁的佛像价值连城”……并有官方报告宣布:“‘1958年以来共腾出426座寺庙的房屋22000平方米,拨交工厂、机关、学校等单位使用;处理一般金属文物5381件,重约500余吨,支援工业。’这是北京市文物工作队1962年1月23日对‘大跃进’以来北京市文物工作做出的一段总结。”【8<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>那么东黄寺的那些巨大的金属佛像、无数的金属佛具等等的命运又是怎样?是怎么被“处理”的?也是被拿去“大炼钢铁”了吗?而诸多泥塑、石刻是被推倒砸碎另盖新房了吗?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">总之,在经历了1958<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年的社会主义革命的建设之后,东黄寺荡然无存了,成了如今北京人总说起的“黄寺总政大院”。西黄寺“仅剩下清净化城塔及清净化城塔院”,并且在文革中险些被拆。到了“</span>1987<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>9<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月</span>1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">日,</span>中国藏语系高级佛学院在西黄寺的清净化城塔院正式成立,十世班禅亲自担任第一任院长。”而如今,西黄寺还是“现任班禅喇嘛常居地,由中共中央统战部管理。”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>9<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】。另如前面所写,</span>西黄寺还被设为“西黄寺博物馆”,与佛学院一墙之隔,周六周日开馆,提前网上预约订票参观。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">颇有戏剧性的是,在网上,与黄寺一并出现的信息是“黄寺卤煮”,介绍是北京小吃北京老字号,倒是令我顿生兴趣,毕竟我们还是需要美食这类真实的人间烟火的安慰。遗憾的是,攻无不克战无不胜的疫情复燃,我只好取消参访西黄寺及品尝“黄寺卤煮”之行。不过也不必纠结,长期以来处在各种疫情之中,我能接受各种不正常的状况,同时也准备好了去被大救星“解放”后日新月异的雪域高原寻找香巴拉的行装,耐心地等待着可以回家的日子。(全文连载结束)</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2021<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月至</span>8<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月,疫情中,写于北京</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2023<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月修订于拉萨。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">注释:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>消失的北京东黄寺<a href="https://www.sohu.com/a/552191885_120579888" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://www.sohu.com/a/552191885_120579888</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】黄寺儿,在京城一个充满神秘色彩的地界儿!</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/</a></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>大院丨八大处甲1号院:北京军区大院的满满记忆<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/kVkprCU_KTNTd-YSeIsvgA" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/kVkprCU_KTNTd-YSeIsvgA</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】新浪微博【看老照片】(</span>2018-5-1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">)</span><a href="https://weibo.com/1349954040/4235003393270269" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://weibo.com/1349954040/4235003393270269</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】“十大工程”:又称“十大建筑”,据介绍,</span>“1958<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,为迎接新中国成立十年,中央决定在北京兴建一批国庆建筑,进一步发挥北京作为首都的政治和文化功能,改变旧城面貌”,包括</span>人民大会堂、中国革命历史博物馆、中国人民革命军事博物馆、全国农业展览馆、北京火车站、工人体育场、民族文化宫、民族饭店、迎宾馆(钓鱼台国宾馆)、华侨大厦(现已拆)。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】同【</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【7<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>同【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【8<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>北京万人人民大会堂是典型的“毛泽东工程”<a href="http://www.mingjinglishi.com/2013/09/blog-post_5437.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://www.mingjinglishi.com/2013/09/blog-post_5437.html</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【9<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】维基中文百科:西黄寺</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%BB%83%E5%AF%BA" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%BB%83%E5%AF%BA</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06272023083341.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-15106973422627778522024-03-15T19:26:00.011+08:002024-03-15T19:27:40.097+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十五)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十五)" height="499" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html/@@images/b458cbc1-983e-4f1a-8be1-22622ddc5504.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十五)" width="619" /><span class="lead_image_caption" face=""Merriweather Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 619px;">路透社报道中的图片指刚坚喇嘛 (Lama Gangchen) (前排右二)出席在中国城市无锡举行的第四届世界佛教论坛。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 619px;"><a data-caption="路透社报道中的图片指刚坚喇嘛 (Lama Gangchen) (前排右二)出席在中国城市无锡举行的第四届世界佛教论坛。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="路透社报道中的图片指刚坚喇嘛 (Lama Gangchen) (前排右二)出席在中国城市无锡举行的第四届世界佛教论坛。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">REUTERS/Ji Chunpeng/Xinhua</span></div></div></div><p><br /></p><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">15、作为祭坛的雍和宫及黄寺(下)</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"世界依然是一个蛮荒之地",一个经历了新冠疫情的意大利作家,在名为《新冠时代的我们》一书中这样说【1】。是的,1780年的世界正是一个蛮荒之地,吞噬了42岁的六世班禅喇嘛,当我凝视着乾隆时塑的六世班禅喇嘛像,不禁心疼这个外貌"肉多骨少,无清明英俊之气",但"语响殿宇,如呼瓮中"的雪域藏人(出自朝鲜使团那个文人的记录),就那么充满悬疑地,被一场莫名其妙的所谓天花瘟疫夺去了生命,就在富饶、陌异而深不可测的帝国首都北京。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">是的,2021年的世界依然是一个蛮荒之地,消灭了不计其数的芸芸众生。对于病毒(不止一种)而言,过去、现在和将来没有什么不同。在病毒面前,正可谓《天国之花》一书中引述的这句话:“好人和坏人都在毫无差别地死去。”</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">例证之一:曾被路透社于2015年12月21日的深度报道【2】中披露“在中国享有重要人物的待遇”,多年来“在中国政府和统战部的活动中都能看到其踪影”的刚坚喇嘛,原为日喀则一座附属于扎什伦布寺的小寺院的喇嘛,1963年因西藏所发生的世事反转而流亡印度,后定居意大利,却渐渐地成了“中国的常客,他在中国和高层领袖会面,并且在政府批准的宗教聚会得到招待。”至于他为何能享有如此特殊待遇?说起来是一个复杂的、漫长的、暗黑的故事,简言之,正如路透社报道引述受访者的话:“刚坚是雄登运动的强人,他是共产党和中国当局最坚定的支持者。”而所谓的“雄登运动”,原本只是一个与鬼神即“雄登”信仰相关但并不难解决的宗教问题,却因强权的介入和操作而变成了充满各种阴谋的政治问题,不过这里放下不表,且说刚坚这样一个不依佛法却依鬼神并挟强权之威的风头人物,竟突然于2020年4月18日在意大利被新冠病毒杀死了。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对于他的疫亡,藏人社会一片欢呼。新浪微博上有个幽默的隐喻评论:“戴了一辈子铁冠,死前换了个新冠。”铁冠指刚坚所奉鬼神的帽子。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本来还有一个地方我也应该去的:黄寺,又称黄庙、西黄寺,是六世班禅喇嘛的意外圆寂之地,更是帝国皇帝的另一个惊心动魄的剧场,确切地说是帝国的祭坛,帝国的刑场——曾经康熙皇帝在这里以凌迟的酷刑,处死了帮助过噶尔丹汗王的一位蒙古大喇嘛【3】。又有文章指当时凌迟的不是一个人,而是三个人:“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">……在征服准噶尔叛乱以后,康熙令准噶尔部交出参与叛乱的伊拉古克三喇嘛,并‘集诸王以下蒙古王、文武大臣、官员、刺嘛等于黄寺’,将其凌迟处死,以儆效尤。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”【4】这也实在是太血腥,尤其是在戒杀生的佛寺如是为之,可见自称佛徒的皇帝有多么凶狠。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1352px;"><img alt="西黄寺既是中国藏语系高级佛学院所在地,如今还是博物馆。(图片来自网络)" height="976" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html/66708rfa72797ea68bc48bba002.jpg/@@images/be5151fa-20cd-4de1-804e-ed602e442312.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA特约评论002.jpg" width="1352" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">西黄寺既是中国藏语系高级佛学院所在地,如今还是博物馆。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1352px;"><a data-caption="西黄寺既是中国藏语系高级佛学院所在地,如今还是博物馆。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html/66708rfa72797ea68bc48bba002.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="西黄寺既是中国藏语系高级佛学院所在地,如今还是博物馆。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我寄寓北京多年,只在很早的时候去过一次西黄寺,但没能进去。作为已是中共中央统战部管理的中国藏语系高级佛学院所在地,此处通常不允许外人或无关俗人打扰。那次我在黄寺门口的接待室等候一位活佛,那是一个曾经相识但早因异见而决裂,比俗人更俗不可耐的混世骗子,且如今满脸横肉,双目充满追逐世俗名利的欲望变得通红,显然相由心生。我至今记得当时从窗口望去,那看不清楚的里面不像寺院,更像是某个党政机关大院,一遍遍地传出无声的警告:“闲人不得入内”。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我试着在网上搜索了相关信息,才知西黄寺如今已对外开放,称作“西黄寺博物馆”,不过仅在周六周日开馆,其余五日是从各藏地寺院选送的仁波切和僧人接受“爱国主义教育”的时间。那么他们会学习什么样的课程呢?会不会需要以臣服的姿态,认真地倾听党员干部讲述六世班禅喇嘛“为了国家的统一和民族团结的大业,主动请求进京参加乾隆皇帝七十大寿庆典”,不幸感染天花瘟疫而悲壮牺牲的爱国故事?</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 898px;"><img alt="西黄寺博物馆对西黄寺的介绍(图片来自网络)" height="1162" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html/66708rfa72797ea68bc48bba003.jpg/@@images/f9a57a75-1506-4cc1-8e0d-38edc75c7593.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月RFA特约评论003.jpg" width="898" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">西黄寺博物馆对西黄寺的介绍(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 898px;"><a data-caption="西黄寺博物馆对西黄寺的介绍(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html/66708rfa72797ea68bc48bba003.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="西黄寺博物馆对西黄寺的介绍(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【1】《新冠时代的我们》,(意)保罗·乔尔达诺著,魏怡译,上海译文出版社,2021年。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【2】</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">China co-opts a Buddhist sect in global effort to smear Dalai Lama</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-dalailama/</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【3】《中国皇帝康熙自画像》,(美)史景迁著,吴根友译,上海远东出版社,2005年,64页。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【4】</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">以儒为主,道佛辅助 ——康熙帝处理三教关系的经验http://www.zgscph.org/html/2020/symq_0521/1276.html</span></p><div><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06162023153823.html</a>)</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-53235803390141114462024-03-15T19:25:00.005+08:002024-03-15T19:25:21.098+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十四)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十四)" height="423" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/@@images/581b7235-aba8-4625-83d5-de3939c97055.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十四)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">左图:今年2月又去雍和宫,这是《御制喇嘛说》一碑四文的藏文面。右图:雍和宫大殿内左边的空法座,原立的“达赖喇嘛讲经宝座”小牌子现已无。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="左图:今年2月又去雍和宫,这是《御制喇嘛说》一碑四文的藏文面。右图:雍和宫大殿内左边的空法座,原立的“达赖喇嘛讲经宝座”小牌子现已无。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="左图:今年2月又去雍和宫,这是《御制喇嘛说》一碑四文的藏文面。右图:雍和宫大殿内左边的空法座,原立的“达赖喇嘛讲经宝座”小牌子现已无。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色拍摄</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作为祭坛的雍和宫及黄寺(中)</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2021<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>7<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月的一天,北京闷热,我从</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">号线地铁口出来,天正下着小雨。走进我熟悉的雍和宫,游人与信众都不多,但都口罩遮脸似已成习俗。戴着口罩上香,戴着口罩磕头,戴着口罩祈祷……诸佛菩萨了然这一切。在细雨绵绵中,在没有挂牌注明的,且将栅栏上了锁的碑亭外,我竭力地辨认着出自于乾隆皇帝的《御制喇嘛说》石碑:汉文和藏文的两面比较明显,满文和蒙文的两面已经模糊,难道是当时刻字的力度不够?还是说岁月对某些文字更苛刻?但即便清晰,看碑文也是辛苦的事,而且只能看很少的部分,并不可能从上看到下,还不如看</span>Google<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">上的介绍,不过我还是尽量地,从各个角度用手机拍了照。其实我多次来过雍和宫,而以前都为朝佛,每次都忽略了事实上在历史上有着重要性,甚至影响至今的这块石碑,确切地说,是这块刻着四种文字且表述也很巧妙地有所不同的石碑,皇帝心深如海啊。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">拍完了“喇嘛说”之碑,就可以履行一个佛教徒的功课了。在端坐着金碧辉煌的宗喀巴大师塑像的大殿,塑像两侧各有一个不易人注意的空法座:皆为木质所造,敷以明黄为底并绘吉祥图案,左边法座前的小桌上搁置的小牌写着“达赖喇嘛讲经宝座”,右边法座前的小桌上搁置的小牌写着“班禅大师讲经宝座”。于是我眼前闪现往昔的景象:十三世达赖喇嘛和十四世达赖喇嘛,以及班禅喇嘛传承中的六世、九世、十世,都曾跏趺而坐于此……惆怅的感觉升起,使我仰头欲叹口气,却看见高高的穹顶布满美丽的佛画,其中最大的一幅就像壁画高悬于天界格外明亮,在周遭大面积的暗影中,佛陀的形象如天界光芒,呈现了一个具有永恒价值的理想世界,仅仅一瞥就能安抚在俗世中受苦不安的心。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1500px;"><img alt="左图:雍和宫大殿内右边的空法座,原立的“班禅大师讲经宝座”小牌子现已无。右图:雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶。(唯色拍摄)" height="1024" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/46708rfa8bc48bba1-034.jpg/@@images/8cba531d-a0f2-4c3b-97e4-ab061af74404.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="4月RFA评论1-034.jpg" width="1500" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">左图:雍和宫大殿内右边的空法座,原立的“班禅大师讲经宝座”小牌子现已无。右图:雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1500px;"><a data-caption="左图:雍和宫大殿内右边的空法座,原立的“班禅大师讲经宝座”小牌子现已无。右图:雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/46708rfa8bc48bba1-034.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="左图:雍和宫大殿内右边的空法座,原立的“班禅大师讲经宝座”小牌子现已无。右图:雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">位于最后面的万佛阁正在维修,主供的正是我每次来雍和宫都会祈祝最多的旃檀强巴未来佛像,是七世达赖喇嘛所赠的印度白檀巨木所雕,有“七丈金容”的形容,据说非常灵验。与万佛阁相对的东西两侧各有一幢传统中式建筑,取名“班禅楼”和“戒台楼”,都是所谓的文物陈列室,常年来总是有展览。这回我在“班禅楼”看见了想看见的:一个是六世班禅塑像,银鎏金,尺寸不大,乾隆时塑。细细地看,或可能真的酷似他生前容貌。细长的双目下有斑驳的锈迹,像泪水长流,令人哀伤。我意识到,无论他是不是死于天花即“拉仲”,总之从图伯特故土走到帝国之都的他,无可幸免地死于某个疫病,恰与政治相关。不是死于天花就是死于政治,都是致人死命的疫情,我默默合十,向两百四十一年前的这位献祭者表达了怀念。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">离这尊状似饮泣的塑像不远,在靠墙的玻璃展柜里有一个庞大的半个嘎乌盒,由于非常惊讶,我忘记细看说明了,可能是纯金,镶有多枚绿松石,雕刻的花纹繁复,最关键是,展出并非因为制作精美,而是为了将盒子里绘的画,投影在下面的镜子里,映出的竟是扮仁波切的乾隆像:穿黄红相间的袈裟,戴黄色法帽,手持法轮坐在法台上,周围是藏传本尊、汉地龙女等等簇拥着。乾隆这是什么意思?他在想什么呢?做一个庞大帝国的皇帝不满足吗?还想做统御三界的君王吗?</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 933px;"><img alt="雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的六世班禅喇嘛塑像。(唯色拍摄)" height="768" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/46708rfa8bc48bba1-05.jpg/@@images/6cf67954-0d7a-4bb3-bd1e-971c75de47a6.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="4月RFA评论1-05.jpg" width="933" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的六世班禅喇嘛塑像。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 933px;"><a data-caption="雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的六世班禅喇嘛塑像。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/46708rfa8bc48bba1-05.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的六世班禅喇嘛塑像。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 767px;"><img alt="雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的乾隆皇帝金嘎乌。(唯色拍摄)" height="1024" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/46708rfa8bc48bba1-06.jpg/@@images/2cf0beb9-4dab-480b-acc3-8a3cbdf88066.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="4月RFA评论1-06.jpg" width="767" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的乾隆皇帝金嘎乌。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 767px;"><a data-caption="雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的乾隆皇帝金嘎乌。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html/46708rfa8bc48bba1-06.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="雍和宫“班禅楼”里展出的乾隆皇帝金嘎乌。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">贪心不足蛇吞象啊。结果又怎么样了呢?满清帝国并未万万岁,乾隆皇帝的子孙后代今何在?一切都分崩离析了,一切都丧失殆尽了,包括江山、血统、语言及“满洲旧制”,而他这个高仿版菩萨又为他的满清帝国守住了什么?护佑了什么?甚至于他的无比奢华与精美的陵墓,在他死后一百二十九年的炎炎夏日,被汉人军阀盗掘,遭剖棺戮尸,遗骸乱扔,这可是中国古代酷刑之最,比枭首示众更具难以比拟的侮辱性。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">这里插段话:满清近三百年,实际上汉人的民族主义一直存在,只是先抑后扬。随着满清精英即八旗子弟的同化和堕落,皇帝们不得不依赖汉人将相,连入藏的办事大臣安班(今称驻藏大臣)也在后期有了汉人担任。至满清后期,汉人民族主义情绪在世界潮流的影响下更是水涨船高,汉人知识分子创造“中华民族”概念,汉人军阀枭雄更是杀气腾腾,事实上满洲气数已尽,世事盛极必衰即是如此。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">究竟乾隆皇帝为何要将自己的画像做成“嘎乌”呢?难道是真的相信他自己具有菩萨一般的神力吗?我被那枚“乾隆嘎乌”深深吸引,往前凑近想看得更仔细,镜子里却好像是映出了自己的模糊影子,一种油然而生的荒诞感使我领悟到:虽然我或今天的我们,与两百多年前的乾隆皇帝、六世班禅喇嘛有着世代之隔、生死之隔,但从某种意义上来说却是息息相关的,根本上我们的命运是一样的,比如我们都是传染病毒的受害者,我们都是传染病毒的携带者,我们都是传染病毒的无症状感染者。我指的是人类,众生,于六道轮回之中周而复始,不胜其苦。</p><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04122023105421.html</a>)</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-78253875638021836042024-03-15T19:23:00.005+08:002024-03-15T19:23:20.738+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十三)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十三)" height="464" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/@@images/6d9122d4-e005-4bdc-ae37-60b7d57f069c.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十三)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">去雍和宫"考察"石碑《御制喇嘛说》,正值下雨。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="去雍和宫"考察"石碑《御制喇嘛说》,正值下雨。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="去雍和宫"考察"石碑《御制喇嘛说》,正值下雨。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色拍摄</span></div></div></div><p> </p><br /><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">15、作为祭坛的雍和宫及黄寺(上)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">得知新冠疫情在中国多个地方复燃,"疫情形势非常严峻",正值我特意坐地铁去雍和宫"考察"那块刻着《御制喇嘛说》的石碑,是2021年七月的一天,下着小雨。记得多年前第二次去雍和宫,我既怀着虔诚朝拜的心态,但也感受到了一种牵引之力,为此在日记里写下这样的文字:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">……我把一把香插在几无缝隙的大鼎之后,把那些换了面相的佛像印入脑海之前,发现自己正好跪在叫做蒲团的垫子上。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“这尊佛像,嘉瓦强巴,它也与大昭寺的觉沃佛一样至高无上。”同行的族人低声说道。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 3024px;"><img alt="雍和宫的镇寺之宝——旃檀强巴佛像(唯色拍摄)" height="3780" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-03.jpeg/@@images/e387f2ad-9a13-4dda-9f91-206fd2ca15c8.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论2-03.jpeg" width="3024" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">雍和宫的镇寺之宝——旃檀强巴佛像(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 3024px;"><a data-caption="雍和宫的镇寺之宝——旃檀强巴佛像(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-03.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="雍和宫的镇寺之宝——旃檀强巴佛像(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">嘉瓦强巴是藏人对未来弥勒佛的尊称。我抬首仰望,看见一尊非常高的金色佛像惊人地美丽,正是七世达赖喇嘛赠予乾隆皇帝的印度白檀巨木,蒙古五世察罕仁波切负责塑造的。而觉沃佛,谁都知道那一如太阳,千年来照耀着藏地众生的佛陀十二岁等身像是何等珍贵,无数信徒正是为了一睹其尊容,从偏远的各地一步一个等身长头来到拉萨,来到大昭寺,即便是死在路上也心满意足,视为解脱。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 4032px;"><img alt="乾隆皇帝撰文的《御制喇嘛说》,以满汉蒙藏四种文字刻碑立于雍和宫。(唯色拍摄)" height="3024" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-02.jpeg/@@images/e0fb9ed1-a5a5-49e3-9192-ced1d0bc2a06.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论2-02.jpeg" width="4032" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">乾隆皇帝撰文的《御制喇嘛说》,以满汉蒙藏四种文字刻碑立于雍和宫。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 4032px;"><a data-caption="乾隆皇帝撰文的《御制喇嘛说》,以满汉蒙藏四种文字刻碑立于雍和宫。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-02.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="乾隆皇帝撰文的《御制喇嘛说》,以满汉蒙藏四种文字刻碑立于雍和宫。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">山不在高,有仙则灵。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">雍和宫不在是否像寺院,有旃檀佛像则神圣。——当然这是从宗教的意义上来说的。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">然而它还有除了宗教之外的东西。所以,它叫宫,而不叫寺。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">一位年轻僧人上前,双手合十,向一位据称是活佛却未穿袈裟的中年男子微微躬身,轻声说了几句汉语,返身开启罩在旃檀佛像跟前一尊立佛的玻璃,将在场所有人的供养一一奉上。我的供养是一条从拉萨带来的,在觉沃佛前领受过加持的洁白哈达。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">那年轻僧人,不用问,准是蒙古人。我想起几年前,第一次在雍和宫见到的也是来自蒙古的僧人,只是比较苍老,一见我拜佛的样子就知我是藏人,与我交谈了几句。他的藏语讲得很好,提及年轻时朝拜过拉萨的诸多寺院,眼里充满怀念。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 4004px;"><img alt="雍和宫里的蒙古族僧人(唯色拍摄)" height="3003" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-05.jpeg/@@images/a3a144be-96be-4cb6-9e88-3edb4debeefe.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论2-05.jpeg" width="4004" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">雍和宫里的蒙古族僧人(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 4004px;"><a data-caption="雍和宫里的蒙古族僧人(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-05.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="雍和宫里的蒙古族僧人(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">雍和宫,总是让人觉得似曾相识,细细打量却又相去甚远,但在近代历史上,在一些具有特殊意义的场合上,它总是与西藏紧紧地连在一起。它像什么呢?西藏的一个显要的远房亲戚吗?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">它向来被看作是北京城中最大的藏传佛教的寺院。这与几百年前的清王朝有关。首先肯定是政治的原因。刚刚入关的满人将整个中原大地置于掌中,肯定有难以一握的感觉。只有抓住那曾经也一统江山的蒙古人的势力,一并摆出龙啸虎吟的声势,方能压住阵脚,坐稳天下。可一样出自游牧部落、一样野性十足的蒙古人怎么可能如此听话!幸而蒙古人早就受到西藏喇嘛的感召,几乎全部皈依了佛教。深谋远虑的大清皇帝开始大力扶持藏传佛教,尤其在顺治和乾隆两个时期达到鼎峰。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">当五世达赖喇嘛阿旺·洛桑嘉措应邀到北京,顺治皇帝以平等之礼相待,并沿袭蒙古俺答汗与三世达赖喇嘛会面时相互赠予尊号的方式,再次颂扬并美誉达赖喇嘛之法名,皇帝则被视为文殊菩萨的化身。同时,为表向佛之心,顺治皇帝专门为五世达赖喇嘛建黄寺。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">百余年后,当六世班禅喇嘛洛桑·巴丹益喜应邀到北京,乾隆皇帝同样以大礼相迎,并为此提前学习藏语,专门在承德修建与扎什伦布寺相似的须弥福寿庙,而这时,将原为亲王府邸的雍和宫,改成了供奉并修持藏传佛教金刚乘的佛殿,还特设一殿为六世班禅休息之处。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 2968px;"><img alt="雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶(唯色拍摄)" height="3958" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-04.jpeg/@@images/52305fbc-a581-4522-81fb-521e57337cf6.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论2-04.jpeg" width="2968" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 2968px;"><a data-caption="雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html/36708rfa8bc48bba2-04.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="雍和宫里的佛殿穹顶(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">再往后,雍和宫就像那皇城里的众人说的那样,渐渐地是一座“喇嘛庙”了。不但用藏音诵经的僧人多起来了,还定期举行各种密宗法事,尤以名为“羌姆”的金刚法舞颇具盛名,常常引来几乎半城的人观看。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">不过,那“喇嘛庙”里的喇嘛总是蒙古人更多些。也许有人会说,可能是因为蒙古离京城近些,不像西藏,那时候一走就得好几个月;再说,西藏人的体质不比蒙古人更适应这里。也许是这样的。也许吧。可是我的思路总会不由自主地走到以前去,一走到以前就能看见,那一开始就被政治拴在一块儿的藏人和蒙古人,或者说,西藏和蒙古的喇嘛。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">但无论如何,雍和宫还是神圣的,因为它有旃檀佛像。有时候,仅仅一尊佛像就足以说明一切。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">重读当年所写,让我有些异样的感觉:既为当初萌发的某种直觉和认识,也为今日并未有更深入的领悟,才察觉到自己虚掷了很多时光,以致于多年后的这次又去,我的身份不单单是信徒,还成了历史的考察者,或者说寻觅真相者。或者说,我其实是想以一种凭吊的方式来作为这篇长文的结尾。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03282023163609.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-39338299767229062102024-03-15T19:21:00.005+08:002024-03-15T19:21:42.787+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十二)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十二)" height="454" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/@@images/08062ede-c82f-4807-85ee-e66da72b89ab.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十二)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" face=""Merriweather Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;"></span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">网络截屏</span></div></div></div><p><br /></p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">14、与天花有关的读书笔记(第四则)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">第四则:当今各类戏说六世班禅喇嘛</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">显然今天的中国对六世班禅喇嘛的故事很有兴趣。我随意检索了一下网络,竟发现有地方戏河北梆子《六世班禅》,还有少年儿童出版社的漫画绘本《六世班禅》,都在戏说与描绘“伟大的爱国主义者六世班禅喇嘛”的种种爱国事迹。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">河北梆子《六世班禅》很像中国文革时候的革命样板戏。那个扮演班禅喇嘛的男演员以引吭高歌的腔调唱着“几千年后还是一条河”(比喻西藏自古以来都是属于中国的),竟然摆出文革样板戏《智取威虎山》的革命军人杨子荣装扮土匪上山的英雄造型。而那个扮演皇帝大恩人的演员,一边搀扶起欲磕头谢主隆恩的六世班禅,一边从嘴里吐出一串根本听不懂却注明是藏语的台词,也是充满喜感。我买了给小孩子们看的绘本《六世班禅》,每一页倒不是胡乱画就,但写的图说做到了具有洗脑性质的“寓教于乐”,比如这样的对话——</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">乾隆帝:“天气凉了,朕赠爱卿御用黑狐皮衣一件,以抵御风寒。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">六世班禅:“臣,谢主隆恩。皇上万岁万岁万万岁。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">呵呵,这些编绘漫画的人怕是清宫戏看多了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="河北梆子《六世班禅》里的乾隆皇帝说的是藏语?(网络截屏)" height="890" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-02.jpg/@@images/ab60063d-26e7-4ebc-b20a-1a54066676a2.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论1-02.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">河北梆子《六世班禅》里的乾隆皇帝说的是藏语?(网络截屏)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="河北梆子《六世班禅》里的乾隆皇帝说的是藏语?(网络截屏)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-02.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="河北梆子《六世班禅》里的乾隆皇帝说的是藏语?(网络截屏)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="左图:少年儿童出版社也要出漫画绘本《六世班禅》。(唯色拍摄) 右图:关于六世班禅喇嘛的中国“学术著作”。(唯色拍摄)" height="850" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-03.jpg/@@images/a8843a0c-cb0e-49ad-b388-357b01baae5a.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论1-03.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">左图:少年儿童出版社也要出漫画绘本《六世班禅》。(唯色拍摄) 右图:关于六世班禅喇嘛的中国“学术著作”。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="左图:少年儿童出版社也要出漫画绘本《六世班禅》。(唯色拍摄) 右图:关于六世班禅喇嘛的中国“学术著作”。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-03.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="左图:少年儿童出版社也要出漫画绘本《六世班禅》。(唯色拍摄) 右图:关于六世班禅喇嘛的中国“学术著作”。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">更有一篇篇学术论文、一本本“学术著作”连续不停地问世。我为此买了一本《乾隆皇帝与六世班禅学术研讨会论文集》【1】,发现中国学者们严肃而认真地,把历史改写成了这样:如“六世班禅审时度势”,主动提出渴望觐见乾隆皇帝,“自愿来京”都显得迫不及待了,而仁慈的乾隆皇帝也就体恤下情并大发慈悲地恩准了,就像是为了照顾这位少数民族渴慕天朝皇帝赐予恩惠的热切情绪。甚至还有这样的总结:六世班禅“他完全具备了东行入京的条件,可以一了前两世班禅未完成的入觐之愿”,说得就像是六世班禅终于通过了政审合格,可以放行进京。不只一篇论文如是强调:“六世班禅此次赴京觐见非为诏至,纯属本意”,这意思是说,那么他在北京的死亡纯属活该,与皇帝无关?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">还有这样的当代中国政治话语:“六世班禅……为了国家的统一和民族团结的大业,主动请求进京参加乾隆皇帝七十大寿庆典”。“六世班禅大师热河朝觐之旅是一次民族团结之旅、一次巩固国家统一、维护蒙藏地区稳定之旅。”六世班禅“跋山涉水,千里迢迢前往承德、北京朝觐乾隆皇帝祝贺七十大寿的壮举,成为他爱国一生的光辉顶峰,为中华民族大团结的历史写下了闪光的一章。……以此向世人重申:西藏是中国领土不可分割的一部分。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">并且还与五世达赖喇嘛做比较,说“东行入京面圣”的六世班禅喇嘛“对皇帝的拥护之情也超过了五世达赖喇嘛。乾隆皇帝对六世班禅进京的热情期待和周密安排也超过了顺治皇帝。对这样一个重大事件的历史意义的阐发,仍然有许多可以深入发挥的余地,需要我们继续努力。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="北京雍和宫里的乾隆皇帝持戒造像。(唯色拍摄)" height="1002" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-05.jpg/@@images/649b958b-0aa4-4b6d-9254-3587aa86ae87.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论1-05.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">北京雍和宫里的乾隆皇帝持戒造像。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="北京雍和宫里的乾隆皇帝持戒造像。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-05.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="北京雍和宫里的乾隆皇帝持戒造像。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="北京雍和宫里展出的“金瓶掣签”复制品。(唯色拍摄)" height="977" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-06.jpg/@@images/ffbba29c-1240-467a-8204-3981c38941bf.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论1-06.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">北京雍和宫里展出的“金瓶掣签”复制品。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="北京雍和宫里展出的“金瓶掣签”复制品。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-06.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="北京雍和宫里展出的“金瓶掣签”复制品。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="在富饶、陌异、深不可测的帝都,雍和宫香火弥漫。(唯色拍摄)" height="960" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-07.jpg/@@images/ebe189e5-2aa0-408c-83a2-ed1214c9971b.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3月RFA评论1-07.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">在富饶、陌异、深不可测的帝都,雍和宫香火弥漫。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="在富饶、陌异、深不可测的帝都,雍和宫香火弥漫。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html/36708rfa8bc48bba1-07.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="在富饶、陌异、深不可测的帝都,雍和宫香火弥漫。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">啊哈,原来对于历史的研究是要“深入发挥”的!这些中国学者如此不加掩饰地修改历史的动作,也是叹为观止。有意思的是,这二十九篇“学术论文”近四十万字,却对致死六世班禅喇嘛这位“爱国主义者”的天花凶手,提都不肯多提一句。这一切更是让我的疑团解不开了,更想追问:两百多年前那个冬天,在深不可测的中华帝都,来掠杀六世班禅喇嘛性命的无常,真的叫做“天花”吗?也让我想重复一下在这篇长文的前面所讲述的:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">明明是乾隆爷几次三番、三番几次邀请六世班禅来北京,还在热河盖了高仿的扎什伦布寺,要六世班禅来给自己祝七十大寿。盛情难却的六世班禅只好上路。他一生怕染天花。胆战心惊地在路上走了一年零一个月。先到热河又到北京总共两月零一天,就被,或者据说是被天花夺了命!这可真的是史上最奇特的千里迢迢的赴死之旅!</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">之后就是一连串的严重后果啦:六世班禅喇嘛的兄弟阋墙,导致廓尔喀人入侵掠财,满清大将福康安趁势率兵入藏,以援军为名协同藏军战败廓尔喀人,乾隆皇帝趁势颁布《钦定藏内善后章程二十九条》,第一条就是重锤“金瓶掣签”,要求从此西藏和蒙古的各大活佛转世灵童的认定,须在特别定制、专程送去的一个金瓶里抽签,最后由满清皇帝拍板定夺,为此中国官方学者的总结是:“乾隆五十八年( 1793年)正式刊布执行,对后世影响深远”【2】。回溯这一切,这多么像是早就在运筹、在谋划的策略(一个妥妥地挖好的大坑)啊啊啊……</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">讲真,我倒是很期待更多的地方戏涌现,比如《六世班禅》川剧版,不停变脸那种的川剧,在“哐差~哐差~哐差差……”的中国民乐声中,在遮住真实面目的口罩取不下来的漫长疫情岁月中,历史与现实不停地变幻叠合,六世班禅喇嘛这位高贵且毫无心机的藏人被一代代的他们不停地献祭……</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【1】《乾隆皇帝与六世班禅学术研讨会论文集》,《乾隆皇帝与六世班禅学术研讨会论文集》编委会编,中国藏学出版社,2015年。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【2】周燕:略论“金瓶掣签”制度的演变 http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=10939</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-03082023133241.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-5886383905001173752024-03-15T19:19:00.005+08:002024-03-15T19:19:24.049+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十一)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十一)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/@@images/ee8849ab-17af-4aa7-83f7-21c85ad5f7ab.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十一)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">新编历史:“回归祖国怀抱”的蒙古土尔扈特部落。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="新编历史:“回归祖国怀抱”的蒙古土尔扈特部落。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="新编历史:“回归祖国怀抱”的蒙古土尔扈特部落。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色拍摄</span></div></div></div><p><br /></p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">14、与天花有关的读书笔记(第三则)</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第三则:承德的小布达拉宫和班禅行宫(下)</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">不过我十年前的承德之行还是有收获,因为同去的有作家王力雄和藏学家埃利亚特·史伯岭(Elliot Sperling)【1】,他们的观察和评论总是相当给力。所以我当时的这段记录【2】值得放在这里:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">一位旅游人类学家认为,现在的旅游操作者制造伪传统或伪文化,其目的除了经济利益驱使外,更重要的是为了达到某种政治上的目的,获得政治上的权利。我去承德一趟,也感受到这一点。在被俗称为“小布达拉宫”的普陀宗乘寺,一个年轻的导游对游客高声介绍:“班禅就是皇帝为了制约达赖的权力而安排的。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">政治或隐或现地布满各处。各个景点的旅游资料几乎成了文宣,导游的解说经不起历史与学术的检查。尤为突出的是“民族团结”的说法,生生把毛泽东唾弃的封建帝王说成了“民族团结”的模范,把十八世纪末蒙古土尔扈特部落的东迁渲染成“回到祖国怀抱”,且有专门的展览和崭新的浮雕。同去承德的美国藏学家史伯岭先生将照片发给一位蒙古学家,得到幽默的回复:“看来在承德发现了很重要的新资料。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">从属于皇帝的家庙变成针对公众的旅游景点是需要改头换面的。这个过程,用学术用词来说,即“重塑”或“再现”。其实就像往酒里兑水制造假酒一样,在历经了战争、革命、政治运动而残缺不全的废墟上,用现代的建筑材料“维修”的时候,主持这一工程的权力者有意识地注入了他所需要的东西。之后,在重新讲述承德故事时,所要取得的效果不外乎二:洗脑与消费。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">例子很多。如“小布达拉宫”的主要佛殿有金顶和金瓦,导游说上面的金箔当年被日本鬼子用刺刀刮走,所以留下了刮痕,当场惹得游客的民族主义情绪高涨,然而网上有知情者说,文革中,周围民众以“破四旧”的名义跑到这里,砸了佛像,刮走了金箔。又如一些新旧对比的照片,是为了赞扬政府“维修”文化古迹,而疮痍满目的旧照片,虽然并未注明被毁的时间,从网上搜索到的少量信息来看,恰是在文革中遭劫最甚。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="被毁损的佛像。(唯色拍摄)" height="857" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/26708rfa8bc48bba2-02.jpg/@@images/31d3162c-03eb-44b2-85af-d77cb7dac88a.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2月RFA评论2-02.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">被毁损的佛像。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="被毁损的佛像。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/26708rfa8bc48bba2-02.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="被毁损的佛像。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 796px;"><img alt="被旅游开发的“小布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄)" height="597" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/26708rfa8bc48bba2-04.jpeg/@@images/2c93f855-cfa9-4a01-962c-53ac45ec8aa3.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2月RFA评论2-04.jpeg" width="796" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">被旅游开发的“小布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 796px;"><a data-caption="被旅游开发的“小布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/26708rfa8bc48bba2-04.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="被旅游开发的“小布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">那么今天就能幸免于难吗?中国的一位文物专家痛心地说:“现在的文物破坏是全面的……对文物最大的破坏是在90年代,最大的出口量也是在90年代,问题严重程度超过以往各个年代。”以承德为例,中国文物界“第一大案”就发生于此,盗窃者是负责管理“小布达拉宫”和班禅行宫等古迹的文物官员,监守自盗长达十年,数百件文物被赝品替代,无法追回。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">再讲一个可笑的细节,当然也是不但精通藏文也精通中文的史伯岭先生发现的:“小布达拉宫”有道“五塔门”,城门上矗立着五座色彩各异的佛塔,符合佛教的解释应该是以此代表中央、南方、东方、西方、北方的五方佛。可是立在门前的牌子上写的中英文解说错误百出,不但将五座塔说成是代表藏传佛教的五大教派,如黄塔代表“黄教”即格鲁派,黑塔代表“黑教”即“笨(<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">苯</em>)波派”,而且这个“笨(<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">苯</em>)”是中文“笨蛋”的“笨”,于是英文解说依照中文翻译为Stupid,于是原本在正确的解释中并不存在的苯教便写成了the stupid wave sends。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 679px;"><img alt="中英文错误百出的解说牌。(唯色拍摄)" height="1019" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/26708rfa8bc48bba2-03.jpeg/@@images/367bfe3a-e9f9-4d8b-9296-2172c23499ec.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2月RFA评论2-03.jpeg" width="679" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">中英文错误百出的解说牌。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 679px;"><a data-caption="中英文错误百出的解说牌。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html/26708rfa8bc48bba2-03.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="中英文错误百出的解说牌。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">承德于1994年被列入世界文化遗产,却与中国所有的被开发为旅游景点的历史文化名城一样,变成了被政治和商业掏空了真实性的景观,变成了被大众旅游的形式逐渐毁损的另一种废墟。从这些徒留虚名的“仿古商业街”归来的游客,在网上忿忿留言:“他们恨不得把每个去旅游的外地人剥下一层皮来。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【1】埃利亚特·史伯岭(Elliot Sperling,又译艾略特·史伯岭,1951-2017),国际著名藏学家、汉学家,2014年退休前是美国印第安那大学中亚研究系教授、图伯特研究计划主任。著有《西藏-中国冲突:历史与争论》、《西藏的地位》等专著<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【2】摘自我的文章《重新讲述的承德故事》,写于2011年6月。</p><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02222023100724.html</a>)</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-86209055786335615812024-03-15T19:17:00.002+08:002024-03-15T19:17:05.472+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/@@images/d0b048b2-0a49-42bf-ab47-c65bfc1959d0.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(三十)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">承德的“小布达拉宫”,建于满清乾隆时代,如今是旅游景点。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="承德的“小布达拉宫”,建于满清乾隆时代,如今是旅游景点。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="承德的“小布达拉宫”,建于满清乾隆时代,如今是旅游景点。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(唯色拍摄)</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">14、与天花有关的读书笔记(第三则)</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">第三则:承德的小布达拉宫和班禅行宫(上)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">确实应该多读书,多读基于各种视角的书。不然羁留一隅,偏听偏信,且被洗脑,却毫无知觉,这种慢性症状会病入膏肓的。比如十年前我去过又称承德的热河,还写过两篇所见所闻,开头即写:“我一直想去承德,不是因为那里有满清皇帝的避暑山庄,而是因为有满清皇帝给其佛法上师达赖喇嘛和班禅喇嘛修建的行宫,俗称小布达拉宫和班禅行宫。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">是的,与很多人一样,我也相信乾隆皇帝是出于接待两位喇嘛上师的用意,在异乡修盖跟他们在故土拉萨和日喀则一样的宫殿寺院,当他们远道而至就可以像是回到家里一样,以示无微不至的关心。当我看见如今已辟为旅游景点的这两处,先是觉得徒有虚名,外观并不相似,接着在班禅行宫某个状如佛殿的房间,遭遇一个穿仿藏式上装的男子朝着一群男女游客,用汉语说些菩萨保佑升官发财之类的话,然后给每人一盏需要付钱的蜡烛灯,而此人被说成是“西藏师父”却连我和朋友的藏语都听不懂,显然是个骗子。但对此,我也仅仅是感慨“承德的这两座与藏传佛教有关的皇家家庙,其藏传佛教资源被开发得淋漓尽致,甚至有假扮‘西藏师父’来骗钱的汉人,而游客事后很容易会把怨怒掷向被‘西藏师父’所代表的藏传佛教,于是藏传佛教成了替罪羊,更悲惨的是,伪佛教的东西充斥了原本应该净化人心的寺院”【1】,仅仅是对商业化激发的贪欲做了浅表的批评,但对背后的故事和意义并没有更深刻的认识。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 882px;"><img alt="在班禅行宫行骗的“西藏师父”,也穿着与这两人同样的服装。(唯色拍摄)" height="661" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-002.jpeg/@@images/73caa20a-4168-41ea-afb5-af1c1f05d416.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2月RFA评论1-002.jpeg" width="882" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">在班禅行宫行骗的“西藏师父”,也穿着与这两人同样的服装。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 882px;"><a data-caption="在班禅行宫行骗的“西藏师父”,也穿着与这两人同样的服装。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-002.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="在班禅行宫行骗的“西藏师父”,也穿着与这两人同样的服装。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1373px;"><img alt="左图:这是付费的拍照布景。龙座旁边竖着一牌,上书“布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄);右图:我读的《停滞的帝国:两个世界的撞击》一书。(唯色拍摄)" height="788" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-0034.jpg/@@images/7b5f58c4-a399-407f-8a6e-e9f967937b75.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2月RFA评论1-0034.jpg" width="1373" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">左图:这是付费的拍照布景。龙座旁边竖着一牌,上书“布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄);右图:我读的《停滞的帝国:两个世界的撞击》一书。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1373px;"><a data-caption="左图:这是付费的拍照布景。龙座旁边竖着一牌,上书“布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄);右图:我读的《停滞的帝国:两个世界的撞击》一书。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-0034.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="左图:这是付费的拍照布景。龙座旁边竖着一牌,上书“布达拉宫”。(唯色拍摄);右图:我读的《停滞的帝国:两个世界的撞击》一书。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">因此,此刻读到法国学者佩雷菲特的著作《停滞的帝国:两个世界的撞击》【2】是很及时的。其他不论,毕竟此书五十多万字,关于1773年英国使节马戛尔尼携使团来到北京,在热河得到乾隆皇帝的召见,因马戛尔尼不肯“叩头”,乾隆帝盛怒并驱逐,成了具有象征意义的历史事件,对后续系列历史事件也产生重大影响,等等;我无意在此评论,而是读到这几段,立刻触动了我的承德记忆,有一种“没错,说得太对了”的恍悟和强烈响应:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“……热河的实质:它是天朝的一个缩影,再现了中央帝国某些最著名的建筑与风景:拉萨的布达拉宫,日喀则的扎什伦布寺,镇江金山的塔,新疆的清真寺,长江与大运河上的景色,昆明湖……就在蒙古的土地上,马戛尔尼面前出现的是中国的南方,是西藏与突厥斯坦,但他却视而不见。这是一个迪士尼乐园,尽管当时还没有这个词。它重现了中国大地上的奇观——一个建筑上的盆景。乾隆从首都乘坐6天轿子,就享受了整个中国能献给他的乐趣:帝国的缩影。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="乾隆皇帝接见马戛尔尼使团。(图片来自维基百科)" height="836" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-005.jpg/@@images/5413a94b-28f2-4ae9-b14f-046fe8d14c6d.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2月RFA评论1-005.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">乾隆皇帝接见马戛尔尼使团。(图片来自维基百科)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="乾隆皇帝接见马戛尔尼使团。(图片来自维基百科)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-005.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="乾隆皇帝接见马戛尔尼使团。(图片来自维基百科)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 750px;"><img alt="18-19世纪的英国讽刺漫画家詹姆斯·吉尔雷绘画这一历史事件。(图片来自维基百科)" height="577" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-006.jpeg/@@images/853af593-5d4c-410c-b369-71c0a288dd42.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2月RFA评论1-006.jpeg" width="750" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">18-19世纪的英国讽刺漫画家詹姆斯·吉尔雷绘画这一历史事件。(图片来自维基百科)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 750px;"><a data-caption="18-19世纪的英国讽刺漫画家詹姆斯·吉尔雷绘画这一历史事件。(图片来自维基百科)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html/26708rfa8bc48bba1-006.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="18-19世纪的英国讽刺漫画家詹姆斯·吉尔雷绘画这一历史事件。(图片来自维基百科)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“拉萨的布达拉宫并不是热河唯一的复制建筑物。中国许多著名建筑都被仿照,尽管不是按实际大小,而是按照它们的精神。……热河就这样搜集了全中国的景色,从而也掌握了全世界的精华。鞑靼皇帝把它们都禁锢在热河,但他自己不是也遭到禁锢吗?世界上难道还有比他更有权势而更不自由的人吗?”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">看来把热河的那两个山寨建筑当做是来自帝国君王的虔信与关爱,我们这些少数民族蛮夷们还真的是想多了。其实这就是前些年在深圳和北京等地修建的“中华民族园”诸如此类景观的早期样板,属于大一统的微型景观化,在现已崛起的天朝帝国比比皆是,更是盛行。不过这是乾隆皇帝的原创吗?还是更早远的那些皇帝有了“八方来贡,万国来朝”的帝国想象时,就有了在自家院子里山寨各处风景、别人名胜的习惯?然后沉醉于“普天之下,莫非王土”的帝国幻觉中多么幸福多么甜蜜蜜。对了,如今还有一句更厉害的新话,叫做“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”,而承德更是可以成为某种典范样板了。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">注释:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【1】摘自我的文章《在承德遇见“西藏师父”》,写于2011年5月,为自由亚洲电台特约评论。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【2】《停滞的帝国:两个世界的撞击》,(法)佩雷菲特(Alain Peyrefitte)著,王国卿等译,法文原书1989年初版,中文版1993年三联书店出版。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><div><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-02082023120112.html</a>)</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-2894065375149202872024-03-15T19:15:00.005+08:002024-03-15T19:15:18.358+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十九)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十九)" height="841" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html/@@images/8f4b97f0-9c56-4b94-b866-0a30384bedfe.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十九)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">绘制于17世纪的四世班禅喇嘛像(唐卡),扎什伦布寺藏。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="绘制于17世纪的四世班禅喇嘛像(唐卡),扎什伦布寺藏。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="绘制于17世纪的四世班禅喇嘛像(唐卡),扎什伦布寺藏。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色提供</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">14、与天花有关的读书笔记(第二则)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二则:朝鲜祝寿代表团随行作家的记录</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">班禅喇嘛被认为是无量光佛的化身,事实上他的这一转世传承的确立,是有“伟大的五世”之称的五世达赖喇嘛,出于对自己老师——四世班禅喇嘛的尊敬和感恩而亲手建树的。而四世班禅喇嘛为辅佐五世达赖喇嘛建立甘丹颇章政权,确立格鲁派在图伯特的政治地位厥功至伟。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">但遗憾的是,在以后数代的历史上,由于被阴险的他人离间和利用,在格鲁派系的两个最高领袖之间刻意制造分化和割裂,从而达到逐渐吞噬与占领的目的,达赖喇嘛与班禅喇嘛或者说彼此下属的机构产生了很多问题,甚至深刻地影响到图伯特的命运。正如十四世尊者达赖喇嘛的长兄塔泽仁波切(Taktser Rinpoche)在回忆录《图伯特是我的国家》(Tibet is my Country)一书中写:“西藏人都知道一个古老的传说,传说告诉人们在两个化身之间当然会出现毒蛇。”【1】 </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 785px;"><img alt="绘制于19世纪七世班禅喇嘛时期的彩绘扎什伦布寺全景图,扎什伦布寺藏。(唯色提供)" height="1061" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html/1267088bc48bba2-002.jpg/@@images/ec8db45f-c642-4d9d-be71-adda973c5ebc.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="12月评论2-002.jpg" width="785" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">绘制于19世纪七世班禅喇嘛时期的彩绘扎什伦布寺全景图,扎什伦布寺藏。(唯色提供)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 785px;"><a data-caption="绘制于19世纪七世班禅喇嘛时期的彩绘扎什伦布寺全景图,扎什伦布寺藏。(唯色提供)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html/1267088bc48bba2-002.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="绘制于19世纪七世班禅喇嘛时期的彩绘扎什伦布寺全景图,扎什伦布寺藏。(唯色提供)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">图伯特人对自己喇嘛的描述都是崇敬备至的,竭尽美化的。所以当六世班禅喇嘛在去北京的路上,一位安多喇嘛带着藏医从拉卜楞寺赶来见他并为他的数百随从,在阿尼玛卿和阿拉善两次接种天花疫苗,却被班禅喇嘛拒绝接种,不久丧生于所谓的天花疫病,为此,另一位安多喇嘛在著作中并未批评任何人,更没有质疑班禅喇嘛的决定,只是怀着痛苦说道:“责怪这个末法时代众生福报不够。这当然是一种佛教的观点,暗示班禅喇嘛等喇嘛的转世是为了救度众生免于痛苦,但在这种情况下,众生却没有足够的功德来确保他留在世间。”【2】</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 597px;"><img alt="1938年的扎什伦布寺僧众。(德国远征队摄影师Ernst Krause拍攝)" height="800" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html/1267088bc48bba2-003.jpg/@@images/e4d1744f-ba94-4b97-8c7e-4f53c987bd74.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="12月评论2-003.jpg" width="597" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">1938年的扎什伦布寺僧众。(德国远征队摄影师Ernst Krause拍攝)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">所以,前面我提及的那位来北京祝寿乾隆皇帝的朝鲜代表团随行作家,名为朴趾源,据说是朝鲜著名的文学家,他用中文对六世班禅喇嘛近乎白描的记录【3】,虽然多有不恭,但真实性还是有的:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> “殿中北壁下设沉香莲榻,高及肩,班禅跏趺南向坐。冠黄色氆氇,有鬣,状似靴,高二尺余。披织金禅衣,无袖。祛褂左肩,围裹全躯。衽右腋下露垂右肩,长大如腿股而金色。面色深黄,圆几六七围,无髭须痕。悬胆鼻,眼眉数寸,睛白,瞳子重晕,阴沉窅冥。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“余俄视金瓦日烘,入殿中,宇阁沉沉。其所披着皆织金,故肌肉色夺深黄,类病疸者。然大抵有金色而脓肿蠢蠕,肉多骨少,无清明英俊之气。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“语响殿宇,如呼瓮中,微笑頫首,左右周视,眉见皱蹙,瞳子半涌,睫裹细开深流,类视短者,睛底益白而暖霾益无精光。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“类如来尊者像也。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 643px;"><img alt="18世纪朝鲜作家朴趾源,随朝鲜使臣赴中国祝贺乾隆帝70寿诞,写《热河日记》。(維基百科)" height="800" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html/1267088bc48bba2-004.jpg/@@images/f77bb5e6-1b31-4f06-b62e-1fe4963c0141.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="12月评论2-004.jpg" width="643" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">18世纪朝鲜作家朴趾源,随朝鲜使臣赴中国祝贺乾隆帝70寿诞,写《热河日记》。(維基百科)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 643px;"><a data-caption="18世纪朝鲜作家朴趾源,随朝鲜使臣赴中国祝贺乾隆帝70寿诞,写《热河日记》。(維基百科)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html/1267088bc48bba2-004.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="18世纪朝鲜作家朴趾源,随朝鲜使臣赴中国祝贺乾隆帝70寿诞,写《热河日记》。(維基百科)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">只是我淳朴而热情的班禅喇嘛在与朝鲜使团三位代表第一次见面时,不但被他们视为“番僧”而拒绝行拜叩之礼,并被他们认为“鬼怪莫测,言之不能勘其状,视之不能定其色”。连班禅喇嘛赠送给他们的礼物,如“铜佛、氆氇、哈达、猩猩毯子、藏香等物”,也被崇信儒教的朝鲜人鄙视,认为“却之不恭,受又无名”,出门就随手给了翻译:“以其币物尽给译官。诸译亦视同粪秽,若将焉。售银九十两,散之一行马头辈,而不以此银沽饮一杯酒。”这可真让人生气!</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">需要补充的是,在六世班禅喇嘛的传记【4】里,关于此次会见也有记载:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“是日,皇帝的属国东方高丽国派三名官贵及其他几人前来参加皇帝万寿大庆。皇帝召见博大臣与留保柱大臣等人,谕曰:‘高丽使者要拜谒班禅额尔德尼’,两位大臣恭礼领旨,带领使者拜谒班禅大师。大师摩顶加持,与使者用茶交谈,由一名大臣作翻译。尔后,传授经典,厚赐使者。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">看看,这份短短的记录毫无批评,客观而宽厚。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【1】</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">塔泽仁波切的这本回忆录的中文译本名为《西藏:历史·宗教·人民》,土登晋美诺布(即塔泽仁波切)、柯林·特尼布尔著,陈永国等译,西藏社会科学院资料情报研究所编印,1983年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【2】摘自:Misdiagnosis or Political Assassination? Re-examining the Death of Panchen Lama Lobsang Palden Yeshe from Smallpox in 1780</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【3】18世纪朝鲜学者对清代西藏的观察</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;"><a href="http://www.tibet.cn/cn/cloud/xszqkk/zgzx/2007/3/201712/t20171221_5279260.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://www.tibet.cn/cn/cloud/xszqkk/zgzx/2007/3/201712/t20171221_5279260.html</a></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">【4】六世班禅喇嘛洛桑巴丹益希传》,嘉木央·久麦旺波著,许得存等译,西藏人民出版社,1990年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-top: 25px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12292022092552.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-45430749114617172292024-03-15T19:13:00.003+08:002024-03-15T19:13:15.220+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十八)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十八)" height="482" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/@@images/d1ba965a-5ec7-4968-9de0-198652c3e9b0.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十八)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">六世班禅喇嘛在扎什伦布寺接见乔治·波格尔的油画,左边白衣者是波格尔,1775年绘。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="六世班禅喇嘛在扎什伦布寺接见乔治·波格尔的油画,左边白衣者是波格尔,1775年绘。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="六世班禅喇嘛在扎什伦布寺接见乔治·波格尔的油画,左边白衣者是波格尔,1775年绘。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">维基百科截图</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">14、与天花有关的读书笔记(第一则)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为了写这篇约六万字的长文《当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么》,我阅读的各类书籍堆满了书桌右边的窗台,每每瞥见都会自我感动一下,觉得自己很用功。还做了几则读书笔记,自忖不如放在结尾,当作给读者的小小福利吧(一笑):</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一则:乔治·波格尔与六世班禅喇嘛</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1774年,28岁的苏格兰人乔治·波格尔(George Bogle,中文又写乔治·博格尔)作为英国东印度公司的代表入藏,除了要了解贸易状况,还要了解“与西藏有关的实情及中国和鞑靼(俄国)的情况”【1】。他第一次见到六世班禅喇嘛是在一座小寺,“班禅喇嘛将其行宫迁移至此,以躲避日喀则及扎什伦布地区天花流行。”班禅喇嘛“彬彬有礼,满脸带笑”,用印地语与他交谈,两人结下深厚友谊。之前,班禅喇嘛用波斯文给东印度公司的总督写过信,调解他们与不丹的纠葛。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1080px;"><img alt="乔治·波格尔与六世班禅喇嘛喝茶,1913年绘。(网络截图)" height="1654" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-002-516d4e1673ed79855587561b4e0e6ce2683c5c14559d8336.jpg/@@images/aabac3a0-77da-42d8-af65-cf0558c162dd.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="12月评论1-002-六世班禅喇嘛与波格尔喝茶.JPG" width="1080" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">乔治·波格尔与六世班禅喇嘛喝茶,1913年绘。(网络截图)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1080px;"><a data-caption="乔治·波格尔与六世班禅喇嘛喝茶,1913年绘。(网络截图)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-002-516d4e1673ed79855587561b4e0e6ce2683c5c14559d8336.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="乔治·波格尔与六世班禅喇嘛喝茶,1913年绘。(网络截图)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">总督要求波格尔在入藏的“每一个停歇点种植土豆”,他给班禅喇嘛送的礼物也有土豆。这是土豆首次引入图伯特。土豆原产于南美洲安第斯山区,被西班牙殖民者带走,再由传教士传布到全世界。土豆很快成了图伯特人民超爱的食物,“出现在拉萨的集市上”。而且日喀则土豆最好吃,我爱母亲故乡附近的艾玛冈土豆。哈,这土豆也是某种隐喻啊!</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">波格尔对班禅喇嘛做了十分自然的描述:“大约四十开外,身材矮小,算不上臃肿,但偏胖。”“他的肤色比大部分藏人的肤色要好。他的双臂像欧洲人那样白。他的头发乌黑发亮,剪得十分短。他的眼睛又黑又小。”“令人愉快,性情温和,好奇心强,非常聪明”,“他的见解毫无偏见,十分博大。……他温和的性格,思想倾向,他的善良及富于人情味都决定了他厌恶流血杀戮和战争。在所有的争吵中,他进行的调解带来了和解。谈话中,他十分坦诚,爽直,绝不使用恭维、赞美之辞。如果有人对他阿谀奉承,他也十分厌恶。”等等。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">班禅喇嘛告诉波格尔:“我们的一边是中华帝国,另一边是强大的印度帝国,第三方是沙俄帝国。”说自己“只是一名僧人,而不是王,我对战争一无所知。除了诵经和向神佛祈祷之外,我什么也不干。”但是,听命于乾隆皇帝的摄政王,即那个原本普通的格西喇嘛诺门汗,却把波格尔看做间谍,给班禅喇嘛带来许多困难,“我还得与摄政王的嫉妒及拉萨一些人进行斗争。……他们仍对你长时间留在我身边感到不安。”而这,会不会也成了班禅喇嘛死于北京的一个因素?甚至可能还是一个主要因素,毕竟满清对西方帝国的警惕和排斥是很深的。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">事实上满清皇帝早就对西方人的进入有焦虑了,无论是传教士还是商人。据说康熙皇帝说过一句话:“朕担心在未来的某个时间,中国会因为这些西方国家而陷入十分被动之中,这是朕的预言。”【2】只不过班禅喇嘛这个图伯特人并不知道。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">班禅喇嘛送给波格尔漂亮而温暖的藏袍、帽子和长皮靴。还让自己的妹妹与波格尔成婚,“这一婚姻在他与班禅喇嘛的关系上产生了重大的影响”。但不知为何,“当汇编他的文件时,有关其藏族妻子的内容被删掉了。”而且有两个女儿,“在苏格兰抚养成人并接受教育。据黎吉生【3】的说法,两个女儿都嫁给了苏格兰人。波格尔漂亮的后代一直生活至今。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">波格尔是第一个访问图伯特的西方外交官。他的旅行日志在西方很受欢迎,记录了独属于图伯特的诸多风土人情和习俗文化。更重要的是介绍了六世班禅喇嘛在38岁撰写的宗教地理著作《香巴拉指南》【4】,这部“记叙古印度佛教兴衰史、香巴拉的地理概貌,寻访香巴拉的朝觐路线和步骤,到达香巴拉的殊胜果”【5】,启发了后来不少人包括俄罗斯神秘主义作家、专注于神性绘画的艺术家和诗人、以“亚洲探险”著名的探险家尼古拉斯·洛里奇(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nicholas Roerich ,1874-1947</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),认为班禅喇嘛掌握的有开启隐蔽天堂的钥匙。对于藏传佛教修行者而言,香巴拉是古老经典中记载的理想世界,为时轮金刚的净土。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1065px;"><img alt="六世班禅喇嘛著作《香巴拉指南》的藏文本及中文译本(唯色翻拍)" height="799" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-00399995df462c963075357.jpg/@@images/9ca9e173-a9af-4ec7-a2fb-2fcdb40aa0f8.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="12月评论1-003香巴拉指南.jpg" width="1065" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">六世班禅喇嘛著作《香巴拉指南》的藏文本及中文译本(唯色翻拍)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1065px;"><a data-caption="六世班禅喇嘛著作《香巴拉指南》的藏文本及中文译本(唯色翻拍)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-00399995df462c963075357.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="六世班禅喇嘛著作《香巴拉指南》的藏文本及中文译本(唯色翻拍)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1139px;"><img alt="俄罗斯传奇人物尼古拉斯·洛里奇绘画的藏传佛教宗师宗喀巴(网络截图)" height="770" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-004.jpg/@@images/0f90e98d-8df0-4753-83c9-64591b2119eb.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="12月评论1-004.JPG" width="1139" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">俄罗斯传奇人物尼古拉斯·洛里奇绘画的藏传佛教宗师宗喀巴(网络截图)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1139px;"><a data-caption="俄罗斯传奇人物尼古拉斯·洛里奇绘画的藏传佛教宗师宗喀巴(网络截图)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-004.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="俄罗斯传奇人物尼古拉斯·洛里奇绘画的藏传佛教宗师宗喀巴(网络截图)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">六世班禅喇嘛也是最早接触欧洲人的图伯特学者。他的学识、内在经验与辽阔视野远远超越今人对图伯特喇嘛的偏见印象。他甚至写了系列关于欧洲的笔记,包括地理、风俗、建筑、法律、戏剧等等。他认为香巴拉或许就在欧洲的方向,而这恰恰与西方人对于香巴拉在图伯特的理解迥异,这就像是某种有趣的文化错位。班禅喇嘛绝不是偏远地方的小人物。他会波斯语、印地语、蒙语等,与印度诸王、尼泊尔王、不丹王及乾隆帝都有书信往来。他原本还有一个想法,从北京回来后要修改《香巴拉指南》,不料却被北京的“天花”夺命,而他的一些著作和信件,一直保存到1966年的夏天为止,毁于文化大革命“破四旧”的烈火之中。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">波格尔在日喀则住了近半年才离开,他与班禅喇嘛分别时都很伤感。班禅喇嘛送给他麝羊等珍奇动物及他渴望已久的西藏地图。不幸的是,波格尔也死得早,35岁在加尔各答死于霍乱。在他去世的前一年,六世班禅喇嘛在北京丧生。闻知噩耗,波格尔写道:“我深为我的朋友班禅喇嘛的过世感到痛惜。我真心喜欢他,他那胖胖的手放在我的头上将会再次使我感到愉快。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 4032px;"><img alt="被喻为八瓣莲花的雪山环绕拉萨(唯色拍摄)" height="3021" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-005.jpg/@@images/681e1a72-847f-4362-a617-1279ca4e0317.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="12月评论1-005.jpg" width="4032" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">被喻为八瓣莲花的雪山环绕拉萨(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 4032px;"><a data-caption="被喻为八瓣莲花的雪山环绕拉萨(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html/1267088bc48bba1-005.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="被喻为八瓣莲花的雪山环绕拉萨(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">临别前,波格尔写下这样一段感人至深的话:“告别了,你们这些高尚、淳朴的人民!祝愿你们能永享其他诸国人民不能享受的快乐。当敌人无止境地追逐贪婪与野心之时,愿你们凭借高山屏障,永久生息在和平满足之处,除自然条件外无所谓需求。” </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【1】这一节的引述皆来自《西藏探险》,(美)约翰·麦格雷格著,向红茄译,西藏人民出版社,1988年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【2】《中国皇帝康熙自画像》,(美)史景迁著,吴根友译,上海远东出版社,2005年,123页。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【3】黎吉生:即休·理查森,H</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">ugh Edward Richardson,1905年-2000年,英国驻拉萨代表处负责人,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">被称为“现代藏学之父”。中国把他译成黎吉生。1999年,获国际声援西藏运动颁发的真理之光奖,表扬他对于藏学的贡献,以及作为外国第一位驻西藏的外交使节。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【4】《香巴拉指南》,实则全名为《大成就圣地香巴拉指南暨圣境天竺揽胜·万千稀奇之源》,由六世班禅喇嘛1775年撰写,彼时他37岁。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">【5】这段话引自《香巴拉指南》中译本前言,六世班禅洛桑贝丹益希著,祁继先、祁文秀译注,民族出版社,2018年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-12152022092813.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-86787619855709451822024-03-15T19:11:00.002+08:002024-03-15T19:11:06.295+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十七)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十七)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/@@images/72f112eb-4cf1-461c-bf01-af2ee8976c0a.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十七)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">昔日满清皇宫,今故宫博物院。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="昔日满清皇宫,今故宫博物院。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="昔日满清皇宫,今故宫博物院。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(唯色拍摄)</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">13、我没心没肺地打了疫苗(下)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">让我试着继续思考:当六世班禅喇嘛踏上了去往“污秽之沼”【1】的长路,抵达北京后被具有隐喻意义的天花病毒杀死,这成了一个寓言。天花病毒在图伯特与中国、在喇嘛与皇帝之间充当了神秘的、可怖的角色,哪怕班禅喇嘛的死很有可能与它无关。更何况,若按照古老的图伯特医学著作《四部医典》对于疾病的解释,类似班禅喇嘛这样一个“身如白莲,无垢”【2】大修行者,是完全能够做到不让病毒近身、侵身的,又何以会被象征五毒的疫病夺去生命?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 2006px;"><img alt="左图:六世班禅喇嘛僧装像。背面墨书汉、满、蒙、藏四文,汉文:“乾隆四十五年七月二十一日,圣僧班禅额尔德尼自后藏来觐,上命画院供奉绘像留弆,永崇信奉,以证真如。”清宫旧藏。 右图:乾隆皇帝扮文殊菩萨像唐卡,清宫旧藏。据报道,今故宫收藏乾隆皇帝佛像画七幅。(图片来自网络)" height="1685" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba2-0013.jpg/@@images/0481a465-d7b3-4e75-b0f2-ba61c6763cba.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="11月自由亚洲评论2-0013.jpg" width="2006" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">左图:六世班禅喇嘛僧装像。背面墨书汉、满、蒙、藏四文,汉文:“乾隆四十五年七月二十一日,圣僧班禅额尔德尼自后藏来觐,上命画院供奉绘像留弆,永崇信奉,以证真如。”清宫旧藏。 右图:乾隆皇帝扮文殊菩萨像唐卡,清宫旧藏。据报道,今故宫收藏乾隆皇帝佛像画七幅。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 2006px;"><a data-caption="左图:六世班禅喇嘛僧装像。背面墨书汉、满、蒙、藏四文,汉文:“乾隆四十五年七月二十一日,圣僧班禅额尔德尼自后藏来觐,上命画院供奉绘像留弆,永崇信奉,以证真如。”清宫旧藏。 右图:乾隆皇帝扮文殊菩萨像唐卡,清宫旧藏。据报道,今故宫收藏乾隆皇帝佛像画七幅。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba2-0013.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="左图:六世班禅喇嘛僧装像。背面墨书汉、满、蒙、藏四文,汉文:“乾隆四十五年七月二十一日,圣僧班禅额尔德尼自后藏来觐,上命画院供奉绘像留弆,永崇信奉,以证真如。”清宫旧藏。 右图:乾隆皇帝扮文殊菩萨像唐卡,清宫旧藏。据报道,今故宫收藏乾隆皇帝佛像画七幅。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">宗教还有另一种解释,这在图伯特的民间故事中有很多。比如一个流传甚广的故事说,康区的一位仁波切在靠近中国的边境达折多(Darzêdo,今四川省甘孜藏族自治州州府康定)时,“一场可怕的天花,流行袭卷该地居民,多珠千试图平服传播疾病、似蛇的龙族,但是没有成功。但由于他的菩提心和自他交换(也就是将自己置身于他人之地)的神奇力量,他自己承担了这疾病,以期能压服这场瘟疫。”【3】不久他以一位大圆满成就者的方式,代替染疫众生往生了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">因出于利他而主动感染天花、自我牺牲,这当然是菩萨才有的悲心行为。我深信有不少高僧大德具有如此非凡的愿力和行动。但如果把六世班禅喇嘛在一个特殊的地方,以特别的方式突然离世,也赋予这种崇高的解释的话,会不会是某种粉饰或自我安慰的说辞呢?会不会反而因此遮蔽了事件的真相呢?不过这样的揣度似乎远离了我写作此文的本意,我本身作为一个佛教徒也似乎应该认可这样的解释。犹豫良久,我还是觉得更应该以一个知识分子的身份,对历史事件做出自己的分析和判断才是合适的。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">实话实说吧,在交织着诡谲的政治风暴的漫长历史上,我们图伯特的诸如六世班禅喇嘛等等高阶喇嘛,总是对一个个外面的“功德主”抱的幻想太多了:并非会送很多大礼包,会说很多“扎西德勒”,会画很多幸福蓝图,会许很多宏大愿望的,就是象征无边智慧的文殊菩萨的化身。一手持利剑斩断无明、一手持莲花上顶经书的文殊菩萨德才超群,不可能变成政治权力高于一切的独裁者或暴君。把那些世俗帝王们画在再多的唐卡和壁画上也不可能改变这个事实,反倒是主动取悦深谋远虑实际上佛口蛇心的“功德主”的动作太大,最终却失去了自己的一切甚至更多,甚至遗患无穷。你或以为双方平等,或以为自居弘法者之位而拥有精神高度的优越感,然而在包括了诸如三十六计之类世间法的世俗剧场,正如社会科学家詹姆斯·斯科特在《支配与抵抗艺术:潜隐剧本》【4】中指出:“特权阶级希望从宗教那里获得的不是别的,只不过是对于其正当性的心理确认”,而在无论换了多少个面具的霸权者的故事里,你只是诸多从属者之一,而且被视为蛮夷的你更是被征服者之一,因而你所讲述的只是难以出现在公开剧场的“潜隐剧本”而已。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">另外,还有一个很关键的问题是,类似天花这样的长达三千多年肆虐人间的恐怖瘟疫,如今真的就戛然而止了吗?天花形成的庞大阴影或对天花的深深恐惧,因为据说今天已经根除了这种疫病就会烟消云散吗?难道不会形成集体记忆,潜入人类的记忆基因,代代相传下去,变成某种伴随一生的、类似业力这样的“隐现的存在”吗?一位秘鲁裔女作家以三位当代拉美人的经历为线索,以银、剑、石作为拉丁美洲的三重烙印,讲述拉丁美洲充满暴力与不公的千年历史,当然被西班牙殖民者带去的天花瘟疫是灭顶之灾的最大助力。我读她的著作时受到的震撼无需赘言,更被深深触动的是书中这段话【5】:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 800px;"><img alt="西班牙探险者到达美洲大陆,他们带来的疾病导致美洲数千万原住民死亡。图为西班牙探险者与秘鲁土著酋长见面。(图文转自BBC中文报道:病毒来袭:影响人类历史进程的五次疫疾大流行)" height="450" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba2-004.jpg/@@images/af0961b9-a6e7-4cea-93de-2ffd656e68ac.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="11月自由亚洲评论2-004.JPG" width="800" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">西班牙探险者到达美洲大陆,他们带来的疾病导致美洲数千万原住民死亡。图为西班牙探险者与秘鲁土著酋长见面。(图文转自BBC中文报道:病毒来袭:影响人类历史进程的五次疫疾大流行)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 800px;"><a data-caption="西班牙探险者到达美洲大陆,他们带来的疾病导致美洲数千万原住民死亡。图为西班牙探险者与秘鲁土著酋长见面。(图文转自BBC中文报道:病毒来袭:影响人类历史进程的五次疫疾大流行)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba2-004.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="西班牙探险者到达美洲大陆,他们带来的疾病导致美洲数千万原住民死亡。图为西班牙探险者与秘鲁土著酋长见面。(图文转自BBC中文报道:病毒来袭:影响人类历史进程的五次疫疾大流行)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1602px;"><img alt="欧洲传染病带来的死神,让印地安人相信:天神确实是站在白人这一边的。(图文转自关键评论网:精选书摘)" height="1302" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba2-005.jpg/@@images/e3d00a97-b7d9-444e-b7b7-d4dcca294cb3.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="11月自由亚洲评论2-005.JPG" width="1602" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">欧洲传染病带来的死神,让印地安人相信:天神确实是站在白人这一边的。(图文转自关键评论网:精选书摘)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1602px;"><a data-caption="欧洲传染病带来的死神,让印地安人相信:天神确实是站在白人这一边的。(图文转自关键评论网:精选书摘)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba2-005.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="欧洲传染病带来的死神,让印地安人相信:天神确实是站在白人这一边的。(图文转自关键评论网:精选书摘)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“对于经过数百年历史形成的思维方式,人类学家有一个专用名词,叫‘跨代表观遗传’(transgenerational epigenetic inheritance)。……它关于社会环境能对整个一代人或一个族群产生生物学影响的主张有着广泛而深远的意义。……父母当中的一人遭受暴力,其影响会遗传给胎儿,例如,大屠杀或种族灭绝行动能对未出生的胎儿产生长久的影响。家庭暴力和战争也有同样的效果。那么,对于经历了充满暴力的历史,至今仍生活在残酷与流血的遗产中的人民,这意味着什么呢?”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">由此及彼,联想到天花以及天花之类的灾难,同样会给人类造成“跨代表观遗传”似的影响,如同某种无法摆脱的宿命般的诅咒。事实上我们今天到处都可以看到,以致于远远近近有那么多的哭泣和哀号此起彼伏,而这样的思考和经验或可能成为另一篇文章的主题,不过我写这篇文章已经写得有点累了,更想写诗或写朝觐圣山的朝圣日志之类,那是我更喜欢做的事。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="result-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">【1】原话为“几个世纪以来,与19世纪的许多欧洲人一样,藏人也将中国视为天花的摇篮。如果一个人还没得过天花,那么去中国旅行就被认为是一个人用生命赌博。因此,如果我们阅读一些西藏喇嘛的传记,可以得知对天花的恐惧是避免前往中国的主要原因之一。……在听说班禅喇嘛访问中国后,松巴堪布耶西班卓(1704-1788)告诉他的朋友,‘如果他还没有得过天花,中国有很多传染病。其身如白莲,无垢,不应该去污秽之沼。’”,见论文《Misdiagnosis or Political Assassination? Re-examining the Death of Panchen Lama Lobsang Palden Yeshe from Smallpox in 1780》(“误诊,或政治暗杀?——重考1780年因天花而死的班禅喇嘛洛桑·贝丹益希”),Lobsang Yongdan(落藏永旦)写。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">【2】同上,为松巴堪布耶西班卓所言。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">【3】《雪狮蓝绿色的鬃毛》,(美)舒雅·达著,谷响译,台湾众生出版社,1996年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">【4】《支配与抵抗艺术:潜隐剧本》,(美)詹姆斯·C·斯科特著,王佳鹏译,南京大学出版社,2021年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">【5】《银、剑、石:拉丁美洲的三重烙印》(Silver, Sword, and Stone: Three Crucibles in the Latin American Story),(美)玛丽·阿拉纳著,林华译,中信出版集团,2021年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11232022132256.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-69500215239900539102024-03-15T19:09:00.001+08:002024-03-15T19:09:02.885+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(二十六)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(二十六)" height="409" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/@@images/de269cfc-7346-4dc8-a864-46b3eec21545.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(二十六)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">我在接种疫苗时看见的宣传画</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="我在接种疫苗时看见的宣传画" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="我在接种疫苗时看见的宣传画"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色拍摄</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">13、我没心没肺地打了疫苗(上)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">六月初,在北京的一个开始炎热的日子,鉴于打算在八月回到三年未归的拉萨,了解到不接种疫苗恐怕会是一个问题,我就去附近新华大街的某个疫苗接种点打了疫苗。整个过程显得没心没肺的,我连倏忽间给胳膊上打进去的是什么疫苗都忘了问。第一针疫苗,毫无任何不适。二十天后打第二针疫苗,才想起问穿白大褂的女子是什么疫苗。“科兴,”白衣女子京腔十足地回复。我倒也不懂这疫苗有什么特别,但如果被别人问起,总可以给出一个明确的答复。不过这次觉得困倦,乏力,好像还有些发烧。我于是心安理得地睡了几个小时,然后看了一部悬疑惊悚英剧,连看六集也实在是缺乏自制力。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">从去年2月新冠/武肺爆发,到现在的这个疫情足够漫长,禁闭防疫的日子每一天都相似雷同,仿若时光静止,我亦以缓慢的方式一边阅读相关文字一边写着相关文字,包括诗歌与这篇长文,就像是一种欲对瘟疫深入了解的共处方式。而这样的方式让我渐渐悟觉到:这个世界既不是平的,也不是弯的,而是圆的。没错,世界是圆的,就像藏传寺院门口画的斯巴括洛(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sipé Khorlo,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">六道轮回图或生死流转图)那么圆。人类瘟疫史上的众多瘟疫们,由天花到新冠,无非是换了个面孔又来了。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 2752px;"><img alt="画在色拉寺佛殿门口的生死轮回图。(唯色拍摄)" height="3118" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba1-002.jpg/@@images/466bd5a7-6eff-462f-8768-efade41700c9.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="11月自由亚洲评论1-002.jpg" width="2752" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">画在色拉寺佛殿门口的生死轮回图。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 2752px;"><a data-caption="画在色拉寺佛殿门口的生死轮回图。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba1-002.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="画在色拉寺佛殿门口的生死轮回图。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">霍普金斯说【1】,天花这种古老的病毒可能卷土重来,但“将不再是一种自然爆发的疾病,而是被有意用作一种生物武器”,“假如天花变成一种生物武器再度为祸人间,我们都将难于幸免——到时不论你的出生地、居住地、财富还是所受教育,都不能庇护你”。当然这不是说今天的新冠就是天花的变异,未来会不会如他所说谁也不知道,人们只要不健忘不失忆就是幸运,但如果一定要健忘与失忆,那也没办法那也是因果,我自然没有更多的话可说。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">前面说过,我只是因为受到新冠这个大流行的影响才产生了对天花的兴趣,却不由自主地拐入了历史的那些幽暗小巷。小巷处处布满深坑,最终形成无底深渊。我倒不是说有谁掉入了深渊,只是在穿梭于小巷时,会发现许多重要的地理坐标的说明都被修改了,而且修改的幅度还很大,称得上是面目全非,以至于关于小巷的故事整个是望不见底的深渊。当我看清这一点,只有一个愿望:想知道正确的故事是什么样子的。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">最近看了一部美国纪录片《苦艾》</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Wormwood)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,大致讲述的是权力机构出于宏大理由,而令同袍将质疑者/立场不坚定者秘密处决,被杀害者的儿子毕生投入对真相的寻找中,别人都惋惜他浪费了本来可以很精彩的人生,但他认定自己失去的是无价的,所以付出的牺牲肯定是无限的。他执着地说:“正确地叙述这个故事是很重要的。”一个获得过普利策奖却并不肯公开这个真相的记者说,也或者,被权力者有意识地改编这个故事的过程,已经成了整个故事的一部分。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 674px;"><img alt="美国纪录片《苦艾》(Wormwood)。(图片来自网络)" height="1000" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba1-003.jpg/@@images/03df7958-8e1f-4c5d-9631-c4c9061771e1.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="11月自由亚洲评论1-003.jpg" width="674" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">美国纪录片《苦艾》(Wormwood)。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 674px;"><a data-caption="美国纪录片《苦艾》(Wormwood)。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba1-003.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="美国纪录片《苦艾》(Wormwood)。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">也因此,正如这篇文章所写的,就像我和落藏永旦博士的探寻,仅仅是想知道这个故事的真相而已:六世班禅喇嘛洛桑·贝丹益希到底死于天花,还是死于误诊,还是死于政治暗杀?或许他死于什么之手可能不重要。重要的是地点。有些人会认为他死得其所。有些人则会认为他死得不得其所。无论“得其所”或“不得其所”,他千里迢迢赴死于北京这个事实,已经足以为后来的诸多变局,以及今天的、未来的覆水难收,提供了必要的也是无法逆转的开局。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1200px;"><img alt="六世班禅喇嘛,18世纪唐卡。(图片来自网络)" height="916" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba1-004.jpg/@@images/6204e201-8328-43be-9911-c57a2b62748c.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="11月自由亚洲评论1-004.jpg" width="1200" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">六世班禅喇嘛,18世纪唐卡。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1200px;"><a data-caption="六世班禅喇嘛,18世纪唐卡。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html/11670881ea75314e9a6d328bc48bba1-004.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="六世班禅喇嘛,18世纪唐卡。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">死于什么不重要。怎么死的也不重要。那个最终得知父亲死亡真相的儿子悲伤地说,“这就像苦艾,怎么样都是苦的。”唉,贝丹益希这个图伯特人太善良了,面对那个世间法的经验远远超出他无数倍的伪善长者,从始至终说不出一个“不”。过于善良意味着愚蠢啊,不但陪葬了无可挽回的无价之宝,连自己的本来面目也在迄今仍在进行的凌迟中满地血水,这也太悲惨了,我想哭。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【1】:《天国之花:瘟疫文化史》,(美)唐纳德·霍普金斯(Donald Hopkins)著,沈跃明等译,上海人民出版社,2006年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-11112022140938.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-82905169258552175962024-03-15T19:06:00.007+08:002024-03-15T19:06:59.842+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(二十五)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(二十五)" height="434" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10272022124658.html/@@images/04073457-5354-4ad4-90aa-f51c08adfc7d.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(二十五)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">这是1946年,我三岁的母亲与父母,及三位仆人在康区达折多(今康定)的合影。我外祖父当时受命噶伦拉鲁派往此地办理事情。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="这是1946年,我三岁的母亲与父母,及三位仆人在康区达折多(今康定)的合影。我外祖父当时受命噶伦拉鲁派往此地办理事情。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10272022124658.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="这是1946年,我三岁的母亲与父母,及三位仆人在康区达折多(今康定)的合影。我外祖父当时受命噶伦拉鲁派往此地办理事情。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色翻拍老照片</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">12、母亲回忆跟天花有关的往昔(下)</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第三个故事:治麻疹</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">我阿妈八、九岁的时候,骑马跟着怀孕的母亲去了她的母亲家,即贵族擦底·德庆巴家生孩子。那是在日喀则附近的拉日,一个很舒服的地方,有连绵的草坪,山也不高,下雨后孩子们都跑去捡蘑菇。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“嬷啦(Mola,这里指外婆)给阿妈啦每天做很多好吃的,我忍不住说:啊啧,能吃这么多好吃的东西,让我生多少个孩子也是愿意的啊。大人们都笑了。但是生孩子的时候不能待在家里,因为嫁出去的女儿在娘家生孩子的话会让家里的央(Gyang,福气)流失。所以阿妈啦是去看不见娘家房子的邻居家生的,不远,拐个弯就到。有一天早上,我和阿佳(Acha,姐姐)醒来时看见了妹妹白玛,塌鼻子,脸也扁平,鼻孔就像两个羊粪蛋。我们跑去告诉嬷啦,说生下的孩子只有两个羊粪蛋鼻孔,嬷啦生气了,说能生下孩子已经不容易了,还说什么羊粪蛋。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“不久爸啦来接我们,我们骑马路过日喀则,住在嬷啦的娘家贵族雪夏家。第二天去扎什伦布寺朝佛,遇上羌姆(Cham,金刚法舞)法会,戴着面具的古修啦(Kushokla,僧侣)手里举着金黄色的察鲁玛(Tshaluma,橘子)跳来跳去,我盯着那个橘子直咽口水,但古修啦并没送给我吃。”哈哈,这个贪吃的小女孩啊。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 2048px;"><img alt="这是我第一次去母亲老家,经过著名的本教寺院热拉雍仲林寺。后来我记录了母亲唱的这首民歌:“伍佑的玛曲河水啊,不要往下流,要往上流,热拉雍仲林寺需要净供的水;供碗不是一个,供碗也不是两个,供碗有三千五百个……”(王力雄2000年拍摄)" height="1317" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10272022124658.html/2.jpg/@@images/7aaff33d-c449-4d7b-a06f-124701baf646.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2.jpg" width="2048" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">这是我第一次去母亲老家,经过著名的本教寺院热拉雍仲林寺。后来我记录了母亲唱的这首民歌:“伍佑的玛曲河水啊,不要往下流,要往上流,热拉雍仲林寺需要净供的水;供碗不是一个,供碗也不是两个,供碗有三千五百个……”(王力雄2000年拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 2048px;"><a data-caption="这是我第一次去母亲老家,经过著名的本教寺院热拉雍仲林寺。后来我记录了母亲唱的这首民歌:“伍佑的玛曲河水啊,不要往下流,要往上流,热拉雍仲林寺需要净供的水;供碗不是一个,供碗也不是两个,供碗有三千五百个……”(王力雄2000年拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10272022124658.html/2.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="这是我第一次去母亲老家,经过著名的本教寺院热拉雍仲林寺。后来我记录了母亲唱的这首民歌:“伍佑的玛曲河水啊,不要往下流,要往上流,热拉雍仲林寺需要净供的水;供碗不是一个,供碗也不是两个,供碗有三千五百个……”(王力雄2000年拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“那时正流行丝比(SibBi,麻疹),我和阿佳都被传染了。”母亲指着眼睛说:“阿佳的黑眼珠上长了几粒白色的东西,差点就瞎了。爸啦就把我们关在光线很暗的房间里不让出门。过了两天请来了一位喇嘛藏医,他在一个瓷碗里很珍惜地倒了一点点圣水,颜色是黄的;又将几粒不知道是哪位大仁波切还是护法神加持过的青稞粒蘸上圣水,然后一边念咒一边在我们的眼皮上抹来抹去,又把青稞粒放在圣水里,又这么在我们的眼皮上来回抹一抹。我们紧闭着眼,心里很紧张,但第二天这个病就好了。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第四个故事:北夏波扎西啦的鼻子</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">北夏波扎西啦是一个与母亲家沾亲带故的人。北夏是他的家族房子名;波扎西啦,即扎西爷爷的意思,加上“啦”表示尊称。母亲小的时候,他常常来家里做客,与我外公有说不完的话、喝不完的茶。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">庄园里的孩子们一见到他都兴奋得很,乐颠颠地围拢过来。这是因为身材高大的北夏波扎西啦有一个硕大的鼻子,而他的鼻子很神奇,有几个深深的窟窿,其实那正是他被天花摧残过的标志。他何时患过天花不清楚,但他活了下来,只是鼻子穿孔了。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">对于个头矮小的孩子们来说,他那巨大的鼻子就像高高的山洞,每天都会升起的太阳总是会将一束束光线投掷过来,穿过好几个洞口,射入洞穴,格外地明亮,且随着他的移动不停地变幻,连根根鼻毛都明耀可见,像颜色深浅不一的植物。孩子们迷恋他的天花鼻子,欢呼雀跃。他倒是不生气,而是佯装生气地驱赶他们。孩子们就给他编了一首歌谣,一遍遍地唱,直到今天我阿妈啦还会开心地唱:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“这个叫北夏波扎西啦的人啊,他啊他,把孩子的阿妈尊贵的夫人扔弃了,跟另一个女人住一块儿了,他俩吵架快分开了,没有比这更倒霉的了,没有比这更倒霉的了。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">在清脆的歌声中,孩子们跑过来跑过去,围着他转过来转过去,踮起脚尖蹦蹦跳跳,就为的是看北夏波扎西啦被阳光穿透的天花鼻子。他们的小手还搓着下巴,表示活该,活该,又假装很害怕地作鸟兽散,这些坏孩子啊!</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10272022124658.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10272022124658.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-19964457963557608512024-03-15T19:04:00.007+08:002024-03-15T19:05:22.971+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十四)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十四)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10112022123600.html/@@images/b93ab79d-7f7e-4fb0-9171-17bd888e81d1.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十四)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" face=""Merriweather Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;"></span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10112022123600.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色提供</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">12、母亲回忆跟天花有关的往昔(中)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">第二个故事:种痘</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">可怕的天花终于结束了,但不知下次什么时候再来,那么就需要种痘。记得是第二年,敏珠林寺的丹贝卓美仁波切(又叫查江喇嘛)来庄园给孩子们种痘。其实这位仁波切是我外公同母异父的兄弟,会医术。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">我阿妈和她姐姐都是仁波切种的痘。哦不对,是他的助手、另一个喇嘛医生给种的。仁波切则给不是亲戚的孩子种了痘。好像相互是亲戚就不能种痘,有这样一个禁忌,可是为什么呢?我阿妈不知道。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">她只知道藏医种痘跟西医种痘(是的,她的三个孩子即我和妹妹、弟弟就是西医种痘)完全不一样,先是用刀在胳膊上——女的是左臂,男的是右臂,这个也有区分——划个十字形的口子,再往伤口上倒点黑色的药粉,什么药粉也不知道;再把桃核,是的,山桃子的桃核分成两半,其中一半扣在洒有药粉的伤口上,用干净的布包扎。然后,这样种了痘的孩子就得去水磨糌粑的磨房里待一会儿,水磨糌粑的声音响彻磨房,据说能让药力发出来,这可真的是很奇特的医疗,却是有效的。据说,凡如此种痘的小孩子以后都没被感染过。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">当时有点疼,比有点疼还疼些。我阿妈是那种比较娇气的女孩,眼泪汪汪地听着水磨糌粑的声音。几天后可以把布解开,把半截桃核扔了,留下一个疤,形似桃核。但我阿妈不同意。她得意地亮出丰满、白皙的左臂说:“看,很好看吧,像朵花儿。”自从种了痘之后,我阿妈的家乡再也没有爆发过天花。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">而这位会种痘的仁波切在1959<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年被定罪“叛乱分子”关进监狱多年,获释后在西藏自治区社科院做了研究员,获得了高级职称。据说他很有学问,尤其对梵文贝叶经有研究,还写书。但我没有见过他,因为母亲家有一些复杂纠结的家事彼此没有往来。他病故前,我认识的一位宁玛派高僧被请到他家去给他修颇瓦。但高僧说,对于这位敏珠林寺的仁波切,不需要我来帮他修颇瓦,我只在他耳边念几句咒语就可以了。网上检索不到他的更多讯息,只有一篇介绍梵文的报道提到过他,全名是</span>藏珠·贡桑丹贝卓美。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">这里要插个相似的故事,是在《天国之花:瘟疫文化史》【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】这本书里读到的:</span>18<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">世纪初,被称为蒙塔古夫人的英国女子,随赴任土耳其做大使的丈夫去了君士坦丁堡(</span>现名:伊斯坦布尔),发现当地人接种预防天花的方法很有效,就给伦敦的朋友写信说:“……做手术的老妇人便会拿着一只盛满最好的天花毒素的果壳,……用针头把尽可能多的毒素送入血管,然后用一小块空贝壳将小伤口夹合起来。……选择的血管通常是在腿上,或者胳膊的隐蔽部位。……第八天后,他们开始发烧,于是他们会在床上度过两天时间,极少数人需要三天。……目前并没有接种者因手术死亡的先例。”很有趣,土耳其人接种疫苗也用果壳或空贝壳夹合伤口,这跟藏人一样啊。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">注释:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>《天国之花:瘟疫文化史》,(美)唐纳德·霍普金斯(Donald Hopkins<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">)</span>著,沈跃明等译,上海人民出版社,2006<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10112022123600.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-10112022123600.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-16261374783275822502024-03-15T19:02:00.005+08:002024-03-15T19:02:32.835+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十三)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十三)" height="467" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09272022165758.html/@@images/17720944-e1a0-4e12-8cef-5795cce62f28.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十三)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" face=""Merriweather Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">我阿妈幼年时在自家房顶上</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="我阿妈幼年时在自家房顶上" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09272022165758.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="我阿妈幼年时在自家房顶上"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色提供</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">12<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、母亲回忆跟天花有关的往昔(上)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">凌晨梦回阿妈啦的老家,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">正如十几年前第一次去的路线,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在大竹卡</span>[1]<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">乘牛皮船过雅鲁藏布</span>[2]<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在似乎没有影子的骄阳下徒步数小时,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">群山苍黄连绵,山巅积雪不化,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">路过一座毁过又重盖的苯教</span>[3]<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">寺院,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个用过又废弃的兵站,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一些青稞残存的田地,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一些青黄不接的树林,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(奇怪没有见到一个人</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">也没有见到其他动物)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">似乎突然间,眼前一片废墟,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">甚至算不上是废墟,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">仅是一圈空地被参差不齐的石块环围,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">更像毫不相干的野地荒芜已久,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">原本有我波啦</span>[4]<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">盖的大房子,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">白白的,四四方方的,远远就能看见</span>……”[5]</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">门上的黄铜锁钥购自印度,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">仁布地方的石材,工部地方的木头,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">请来能工巧匠雕梁画栋,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">重叠的佛像与彩绘的唐卡为梵香缭绕,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">却像是暂时客居其中,仅仅几年</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">便丧失了一切,某个傍晚</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">被</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">劳动改造</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的嬷啦</span>[6]<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">收工回家,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">惊见大门贴着两条盖有红色章印的封条,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">从此竟连一步也进不去了,</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">哪怕一个瓷碗,也不再属于自己。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</span>——<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">谨以这首诗及这篇故事纪念我的母亲次仁玉珍,今天是她离世七七四十九日)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我阿妈是故事大王,讲起童年往事绘声绘色,这跟藏语中的象声词太丰富有关。她给我讲过无数遍怎么种痘、怎么躲天花、怎么治麻疹,说明往日的这类惊险让她无法忘却,好在都是有惊无险,所以除了不时感叹,常常笑个不停:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一个故事:躲天花</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">记得是七八岁的时候,突然天花来袭。母亲是</span>1943<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年生人,那么就是</span>1950<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年或</span>1951<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。伍佑(那时候伍佑是一个宗,即今天所说的县,由多个谿卡组成。谿卡即庄园的意思,各属于政府、寺院或贵族;整个图伯特的谿卡数不胜数。而奴玛谿卡,奴玛庄园,早在三百年前就由西藏政府赠与八世达赖喇嘛家族,成为尧西拉鲁家族的世袭庄园之一;如今是伍佑乡的一个村,而伍佑乡如今辖属日喀则地区南木林县)一带死了很多人。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">拉仲(</span>lha'brum<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,天神撒下的花瓣或天神留下的印记,即天花)来了!拉仲来了!</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">庄园里那些没有种过痘的孩子都被传染了,我阿妈至今记得有一户人家的孩子很多,全都传染了,脸肿得很大,亮亮的,像透明的大水泡,一个个有气无力地坐在门口晒太阳,可能是祈望强烈的阳光杀病毒。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">当时我舅舅在拉萨念书,不用管他。家里就把我母亲和我大姨送到了我外公同母异父的姐姐家,就是那个跟僧人相恋被我曾祖父赶出家门的前尼姑。两个犯戒的男女只能落脚附近的山谷,禁止回家。但我曾祖父还是慈悲,不仅给盖了一幢两层房子和一间很大的嘛尼拉康,还给了牛羊和仆人。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我阿妈至今还记得那个美丽的山谷,是在伍佑宗的里面,沿山沟往上走,就豁然开朗。山坡舒缓,植物茂密,各种花朵怒放。除了姑姑家,周围一户人家也没有。一只眼睛有点斜的姑姑很能干,会做奶渣、奶皮、奶酪,都好吃得很。她的丈夫还俗后成了商人,去印度噶伦堡带回很多东西。他们有两个子女。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我阿妈和她姐姐喜欢跟着仆人去放牧,在汤古(</span>Thanghkuk<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,羊皮做的糌粑口袋)里放上糌粑、酥油、奶渣、风干的牦牛肉,带上印度的糖果和饼干,可以在草地上玩一整天。草地上开的尽是花。两个小女孩跑来跑去地疯玩。有一次玩饿了,想吃糌粑,才发现糌粑口袋被牦牛咬烂了,拌好的糌粑也被牦牛吃完了,只找到一两根风干的牦牛肉,就很舍不得地吃着,正在吃,突然从天上扑来一只冰迥玛(</span>BingKyuma<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,黑鸢或雕),像乌鸦,但不是乌鸦,乌鸦是黑黑的,也不是恰规(</span>Jago<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,秃鹫),没那么大,但也嘎嘎地叫。这个冰迥玛从天而降,一把从我阿妈的嘴边抢走了干肉不说,还用翅膀啪地打了她一耳光。据说冰迥玛都是这样的,抢了你的东西,还要狠狠地打你一下。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">冰迥玛多大的劲啊。我的脸一下子肿了起来,连眼睛都肿了,还火辣辣地烫。我吓坏了,傻傻地看着它飞远,才哇地大哭起来。</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我阿妈很生动地回忆着。</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">那天太倒霉了。汤古被牦牛咬了,糌粑被牦牛吃了,干肉被冰迥玛抢了,还被它打了一耳光。我们直到天黑了才回去,生怕姑姑看见我的脸。从那以后,我们再也不提要跟着仆人去放牛放羊,就乖乖地在屋子里呆着,在门口晒太阳。</span>”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">两个小女孩开始想家了,经常坐在草地上望着家的方向掉眼泪,远远见到山坡上过来一个人,就很开心,以为家里派人来接了。但天花没有结束,她俩怎能回去?等到终于接回家时,整个夏天都在山谷里度过了。而整个伍佑冷冷清清的,那个本来有很多孩子的邻居家,居然都没有孩子了。整个庄园活下来的孩子很少,脸上布满了难看的麻子。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】大竹卡:</span>རྟགས་གྲུ་ཁ་།<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</span>Darkdruk ka<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),是雅鲁藏布江的一个渡口,位于今西藏自治区日喀则市桑珠孜区。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】雅鲁藏布:</span>ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</span>Yarlung Zangbo<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),意为</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">高山流下的雪水之河流</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,是布拉马普特拉河上游在图伯特境内河段的名称。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】苯教:苯,</span>བོན<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</span>Bön<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),图伯特的本土宗教,这里指热拉雍仲林寺,是卫藏地区最大的苯教寺院。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】波啦:</span>སྤོ་བོ་ལགས་།<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</span>Phola<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),祖父,外祖父,或对年老男子的尊称。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】引自我母亲的回忆,是她的口述。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】嬷啦:</span>རྨོ་ལགས་།<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</span>Mola<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),祖母,外祖母,或对年老女子的尊称。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09272022165758.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09272022165758.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-39322462109878114502024-03-15T18:59:00.006+08:002024-03-15T18:59:34.812+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十二)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十二)" height="415" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/@@images/1ce7a436-faef-4e4f-9415-5cab0c1ca98b.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十二)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">世事翻转之前的拉萨</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="世事翻转之前的拉萨" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="世事翻转之前的拉萨"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">海因里希•哈勒(Heinrich Harrer)拍摄</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">11<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、去汉地危险,从汉地来的呢?(下</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">)</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">事例5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>1950<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年代,随解放军入藏爆发天花</span>:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">CCTV2011<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年七集纪录片《战痘记》【</span>1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】的信息量很大,其中有中共在延安时期为士兵接种牛痘预防天花的影像记录;</span>1949<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年在北京和</span>1950<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年在上海,发生大规模天花流行;</span>1950<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>8<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月,北京开会对天花等传染病制定</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">要预防为主</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的方针;</span>1950<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>10<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月,周恩来签发</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">关于开展秋季种痘运动</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的指示;等等</span>。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1125px;"><img alt="CCTV纪录片《战痘记》截屏,宣传解放军医疗队去少数民族地区种痘。" height="627" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/img_0231.jpeg/@@images/e5ae8567-ed3e-4e8d-8040-44fd07bea65a.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="IMG_0231.jpeg" width="1125" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">CCTV纪录片《战痘记》截屏,宣传解放军医疗队去少数民族地区种痘。</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1125px;"><a data-caption="CCTV纪录片《战痘记》截屏,宣传解放军医疗队去少数民族地区种痘。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/img_0231.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="CCTV纪录片《战痘记》截屏,宣传解放军医疗队去少数民族地区种痘。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">随中共军队入藏,藏地许多地方突然流行天花,当地县志都有记录。如《德格县志》写道:“1954<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月,中扎科乡流行天花,染病</span>400<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">余人。</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】藏地的一个乡不同于汉地,</span>400<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">余人或可能就是全乡所有人,或差不多是。一个同济大学医学院毕业生于</span>1952<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年秋进藏,正值</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">拉萨市天花流行</span>……<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一时间在藏胞中,谈此病色变,非常恐慌。</span>……<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在帐篷内外,处处躺着满身满脸都是脓疱疹的患者。</span>……<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们到后,给当地藏胞普遍接种,牛痘疫苗不够时,还紧急从印度和内地购买大量牛痘疫苗</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。【</span>3】</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">随中共在西藏的首脑张经武进拉萨的徐乐天是“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">不用穿军装的官员医生</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,据他的口述【</span>4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】:</span>“1951<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年以前,拉萨有医疗机构,一个是医药寺院,在拉萨有个甲骨山(应为夹波日),就在布达拉宫的右边,山顶上有个寺院,有医药喇嘛。还有一个叫门孜康,门就是医药的意思,孜是天文历算,康就是房屋、居所。门孜康我去过,它有两个负责人,主要负责人是个四品官,叫钦绕诺布,他也种痘,但有的人种完痘以后,都腐烂、化脓了。</span>……<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">色拉寺有一位地珠活佛,我们到他那儿去过两次。他没种过牛痘,有一次在天花流行之前,我们去给他种痘,</span>……<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">尤其是在</span>1952<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年的春天,拉萨流行天花,有些没有种过牛痘的老百姓感染天花以后,往往是那种爆发性的,严重的时候就出血、高烧,这种情况当时不容易治愈,也遇到过死亡的情况。</span>”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1440px;"><img alt="1950年代,进入拉萨的中共政权在布达拉宫前召开大会。(图片来自网络)" height="1080" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/img_7927.jpeg/@@images/951d862d-215b-4298-8f97-139e214e4905.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="IMG_7927.jpeg" width="1440" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">1950年代,进入拉萨的中共政权在布达拉宫前召开大会。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1440px;"><a data-caption="1950年代,进入拉萨的中共政权在布达拉宫前召开大会。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/img_7927.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="1950年代,进入拉萨的中共政权在布达拉宫前召开大会。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">图伯特人对于天花的畏惧是根深蒂固的,眼看着雪域之外的军队进入自己的家乡,声称是来“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">解放百万翻身农奴</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的,一定很困惑。而当天花爆发,外来者毫不在乎,完好无损,本地人却接踵中招,纷纷倒下,须得仰赖外来者的医治才可能疗愈,这个事实又会带来怎样的精神冲击呢?王力雄在《天葬:西藏的命运》【</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】一书中提出</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">神界轮回</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的说法,并阐释道:</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">谁能推翻已经被藏人在千年时间奉为神圣天理的前提呢?那必须是一个远比旧神更强大的新神。新神必须能把旧神残暴地踩在脚下,然后不容置辩地宣布一个新纪元开始,公布一套新天理,实行一套新的奖惩规则。藏人才会敢于把原本对传统宗教的</span>‘<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">愿意</span>’<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">变成不愿意。中共恰如其分地充当了那个新神。</span>”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">所谓新神替代旧神,所谓“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">神的转换</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,是不是也有天花等疫病的功劳呢?正如《瘟疫与人》【</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】一书就登陆美洲大地的天花与欧洲人所取得的胜利写道,这使得美洲印第安人陷入迷茫与绝望,</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">唯一能做的可能就是对西班牙征服者的屈从了,不管他们的人数如何之少,也不管他们的行为如何残暴和卑劣。结果是西班牙人胜利了,原住民的权威崩溃、诸神让位。</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">或许我的这种比较有点牵强,但应该还是有一定的道理,至少可以将其看做是个隐喻。当随着全世界对于天花的预防和治疗不断进步,毛泽东的</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">新中国</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">也全面实行种痘防疫,才算终结此疫</span>“<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">送瘟神</span>”<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,那已是</span>1970<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年代末</span>。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1170px;"><img alt="1952年9月8日,拉萨市人民医院成立。(图片来自网络)" height="826" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/img_3424.jpeg/@@images/70acdcfe-b820-42b8-9fb2-08ced9a827fc.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="IMG_3424.jpeg" width="1170" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">1952年9月8日,拉萨市人民医院成立。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1170px;"><a data-caption="1952年9月8日,拉萨市人民医院成立。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html/img_3424.jpeg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="1952年9月8日,拉萨市人民医院成立。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">注释:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】战痘记</span>- CCTV<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">节目官网:</span><a href="https://tv.cctv.com/v/vs3/VIDA1355571898817348.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://tv.cctv.com/v/vs3/VIDA1355571898817348.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】《德格县志》,四川省德格县志编纂委员会编纂,四川人民出版社,</span>1995<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】《进藏行医记》,文</span>/<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">孙幼芳,</span>2014<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,</span><a href="http://med.china.com.cn/content/pid/9050/tid/3" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://med.china.com.cn/content/pid/9050/tid/3</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】口述历史</span> | <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">徐乐天:新中国第一位进藏医</span>师</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="https://www.toutiao.com/article/6683728484356850184/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://www.toutiao.com/article/6683728484356850184/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】《天葬:西藏的命运》,王力雄著,香港明镜出版社</span>1998<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年初版,台湾大块文化</span>2018<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年再版修订版</span>。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】《瘟疫与人》,(美)威廉</span>·<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">麦克尼尔(</span>William H. McNeill<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">)著,余新忠等译,中信出版社,</span>2018<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年</span>。</p><div><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-09132022101459.html</a>)</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-18004652158761161362024-03-15T18:57:00.010+08:002024-03-15T18:57:44.654+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十一)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十一)" height="418" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08292022085242.html/@@images/1236ea50-4ea4-453b-bce7-dd14a963ae0a.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十一)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">1911年,被藏人称为“赵屠夫”的赵尔丰在成都被“保路运动”的举事兵民斩首。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="1911年,被藏人称为“赵屠夫”的赵尔丰在成都被“保路运动”的举事兵民斩首。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08292022085242.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1911年,被藏人称为“赵屠夫”的赵尔丰在成都被“保路运动”的举事兵民斩首。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(图片来自网络)</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">11、去汉地危险,从汉地来的呢?(中-2)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">事例3,19世纪赵尔丰军队带来天花:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">清末驻藏大臣赵尔丰自1905年率军“平康”(即平定图伯特东部康区),1910年率军开拔拉萨,企图占领全藏。之后因中国本土的辛亥革命受挫,他被斩首。这个以“赵屠夫”在康藏等地留下恶名的刽子手,我曾写过文章,介绍他如何对图伯特人实施血腥同化的各种“凌迟”事迹。有兴趣的读者可从网上找到,这里不再重复。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><img alt="" class="image-richtext image-inline" src="https://www.rfa.org/resolveuid/edfa348e31174973b105567909ecadf9/@@images/image/large" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; float: none; height: auto; margin-right: 15px; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: middle; width: auto;" title="赵尔丰的军队活煮藏人僧俗的大锅。(图片来自网络)" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">赵尔丰的军队活煮藏人僧俗的大锅。(图片来自网络)</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">我要说的是,当时有美国医疗传教士阿尔伯特·史德文(Albert L.Shelton)在康地行医兼传教,长达十九年。他目睹赵尔丰大军入侵屠戮当地人的残酷,在日记中记录了赵尔丰军队把僧侣与百姓放进寺院煮茶的大锅里活活煮熟至死,然后喂狗吃;有的人被四肢捆绑于牦牛之间,受撕裂而身首异处;有的人被泼洒滚烫的油,给活活烫死。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">除此,他还目睹凡侵略军经过,天花也随之爆发的惨状。具有医德与宗教慈悲心的他在巴塘开设医院,不但救治了许多受伤者,还想法挽救染疫者。今有文章【1】写:“史德文历尽艰难、反复试验,终于成功研制出天花等疫苗,每批疫苗可使数百人受益。1918年秋,天花夺去200巴塘人的性命,但史德文及同事挽救了1200条生命,凡愿接种的人都幸存了下来。”而史德文接种疫苗的地方:“曾赴乡城、盐井(今芒康县盐井乡)、阿墩子(今云南德钦)、宁静(今芒康)、昌都、道孚、白玉、甘孜、乍丫(今察雅)、德格、三岩等地”,都是赵尔丰军队掠杀之地。、</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">赵尔丰却假装善人,或者说他其实是为汉地来的移民着想,正如粉饰他的汉人文人写:“关外医药素不讲求,痘症为害尤烈。边民疾病夭亡,无不束手坐视,情状可悯。现在振兴诸务,内地人民,迁往日多。而军人卫生一事,尤应注重。尔丰出关之始,即在内地广购各种药品,访聘良医,并专精痘科医生,厚给薪资,分赴巴塘、理塘、盐井、乡城等处,各设医药局诊治施药,半年以内,全活无算。”【2】</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">藏人学者土登彭措在《藏区传染病简史》【3】一文中提到他的老师、一位萨迦派高</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">僧讲过,在故乡德格有个叫八坞的牧村,曾有八十户,但“到了十九世纪下半叶这里发生了许多争端与冲突,并爆发了天花和麻疹。至今我们没有办法完全知道疾病是如何爆发的,我只是记得到了1957年地方民主改革的时候昔日的‘八坞八十税户’只剩下仅仅二十户了。”由疫病时间看,应该与赵尔丰大军入侵有关。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">事例4,1935、1936年红军经过藏地带来天花:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">据中共党史文献【4】,包括天花在内的九种疾病,“在中央苏区时期也显得比较突出,……呈现出集中暴发之势,波及的范围很广”,甚至毛泽东还在大会上专门讲:“许多人生疮害病,想个什么办法呢?”当中共红军开始著名的两万五千里长征(又被研究者称为“丢了根据地四处流窜”)时,一路上或传播天花,或遭遇天花流行被感染天花,又继续传播天花。甚至红军到了延安后还有此病,连美国记者埃德加·斯诺去采访毛泽东之前都要打疫苗【5】。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">实际上,当年在饥寒交迫中逃亡的红军经过安多和康区,因抢食寺院供品,被藏人称为“撒玛”(Saymark, 意为吃兵),并且带来了天花等传染病。如若尔盖班佑寺和德格一座寺院的僧侣都因此死了不少,幸存者留下了满脸的麻子。而班佑寺被红军占据,并在此召开了中共党史上著名的“巴西会议”,被认为是“决定党和红军前途命运的一次关键会议,在中国革命史上有着重要的历史地位”【6】,但早已被红军及之后的“解放者”夷为废墟的寺院遗址,如今则成了重写历史的“红色旅游”景点。当然绝不会提及当年红军边逃边扔下自己的伤病员,其中就有患天花的男女,而这些病人又成了在当地的感染源,使得被传染的藏人死亡不少。活下来的人除了麻脸,还有烂了眼睛或鼻子的残障。多年前我曾在甘孜州的《甘孜报》当记者时就了解到,当时被遗弃在康区的女红军最惨,受尽磨难,最后竟有连汉语也不会说的。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 0px; padding-top: 15px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">注释:</span></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【1】:《跨越民族、文化、宗教:1903~1922 年美国医生史德文在康藏地区的活动与角色》 载《中国藏学》</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2016 年第 20161 期 赵艾东等著 http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=11782</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【2】:《西康史拾遗》,冯有志编著,甘孜藏族自治州政协文史资料委员会,1993 年。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【3】:《藏区传染病简史》 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Zzp049bEZrCRQfFj7GSiLQ</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【4】中央苏区时期怎样开展防疫 http://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/BIG5/n1/2020/0313/c219021-31630547.html</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【5】埃德加·斯诺(Edgar Snow)在《红星照耀中国》书中写:“(1936 年)我是到‘红色中国’去。我所以‘有点不舒服’,是因为我身上注射了凡是能够弄到的一切预防针。用微生物的眼睛来看一下我的血液,就可以发现一支令人毛骨悚然的队伍;在我的臂部和腿部注射了天花、伤寒、霍乱、斑疹伤寒和鼠疫的病菌。这五种病在当时的西北都是流行病。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【6】巴西会议:挽救党和红军的关键会议:http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2016/1018/c85037-28787917.html</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08292022085242.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08292022085242.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-87691713914097886792024-03-15T18:55:00.003+08:002024-03-15T18:55:16.026+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/@@images/d0503ed2-fda4-4733-885c-fc5f66c3d348.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(二十)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">改写历史的“清政府驻藏大臣衙门旧址”位于拉萨帕廓北街,于2013年7月1日开馆。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="改写历史的“清政府驻藏大臣衙门旧址”位于拉萨帕廓北街,于2013年7月1日开馆。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="改写历史的“清政府驻藏大臣衙门旧址”位于拉萨帕廓北街,于2013年7月1日开馆。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色拍摄</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: large;">11、去汉地危险,从汉地来的呢?(中-1)</span></strong></h5><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">去汉地危险,那么从汉地来的呢?会不会也带来危险?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">回顾瘟疫史上最著名的典型案例,即1492年哥伦布“发现”美洲,天花这种烈性传染病便如大火扑来,“印第安人大批大批地死亡……他们的房屋成了他们的坟墓”【1】。16世纪,西班牙强盗不足500人,却灭了有着几百万人和辉煌文明的印加帝国,不是这几百人多么神勇,更不是几百万印第安人完全任其宰割,如今全世界都知道是天花病毒厥功至伟。对天花免疫的西班牙侵略者是带菌传播者,最大感染源,一路传播,不战而胜。在西班牙人到达美洲后的一个世纪内,2500万原住民只有600万活了下来,连威严的国王、富裕的领主和成千上万的庶民全都悲惨死去。同时被消灭的有原住民的信仰和精神,因“这种极具差别的免疫力”给原住民的心灵震慑甚至超过肉体消灭,以致于幸存者大都改从了入侵者的基督教信仰。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">人类历史上类似故事很多,外来者往往自带瘟疫而至。军人、强盗、传教士以及后来的奴隶和移民等,“都在这个微生物帝国主义的扩张中起着重大作用”【2】。当然我倒不是说在图伯特也发生过美洲原住民所遭遇的覆灭悲剧,毕竟没有燃起过那么决绝的瘟疫烈火,但也并非没有发生过凶猛的火灾,尤其是在天花病毒变异后的这四百多年来,所造成的灾难需要重视、研究和讨论,在此大致列举历史上的事例如下:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">事例1,17世纪蒙古军队和香客带来天花:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">这在前面的篇章里有提及,即四世、五世达赖喇嘛时代,天花在许多藏地突然肆虐,这里不再重复。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">事例2,18世纪满清军队带来天花:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">正如夏格巴·旺秋德典先生的记录【3】,1721年借护送转世于康区理塘的七世达赖喇嘛到拉萨的机会,“满洲皇帝的代表和驻防军(4000人)第一次出现,……驻拉萨的中国官兵给百姓造成很大负担,在拉萨市内不讲清洁卫生,污垢遍布”。这之后纷乱很多,发生了各种内讧与仇杀。为掌握摄政王权,贵族颇罗鼐邀请满清援军相助。1728年,“二位安班和两千中国军队留了下来,……像洪水毁路一样,开了中国官兵常驻拉萨的先例”,“究其根源,第一声鸡鸣似从那时开始叫响的”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">随之而来的,还有诸如凌迟这样的中国古老酷刑和木枷、拶指等中國的古老刑具。在中国的史记与汉书中记载的有“五刑”,正是凌迟的原型,为秦朝时有名的法家与丞相李斯所发明,即在公开示众的受刑者脸上刺字,再割其鼻子,砍其双足,施以宫刑,最后腰斩并斩首、或断舌及剁成肉酱。李斯本人在公元前208年极具讽刺地受此刑而死。据学术译著《杀千刀:中西视野下的凌迟处死》【4】评论:“倘若说凌迟是中华帝国法律上最严酷的刑罚,那么它也是大众印象中最严酷的刑罚。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1600px;"><img alt="在“清政府驻藏大臣衙门旧址”里,塑造“驻藏大臣”如何“总理西藏事务”的场景。(唯色拍摄)" height="970" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/86708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-002.jpg/@@images/fd91ed6c-1a46-4d8a-b102-5162fd1895ee.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="8月-自由亚洲特约评论1-002.JPG" width="1600" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">在“清政府驻藏大臣衙门旧址”里,塑造“驻藏大臣”如何“总理西藏事务”的场景。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1600px;"><a data-caption="在“清政府驻藏大臣衙门旧址”里,塑造“驻藏大臣”如何“总理西藏事务”的场景。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/86708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-002.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="在“清政府驻藏大臣衙门旧址”里,塑造“驻藏大臣”如何“总理西藏事务”的场景。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">而图伯特历史上第一次出现凌迟,是1727年满清雍正皇帝趁藏乱派往拉萨的第一任驻藏大臣带去的,同时带去了实施凌迟酷刑所需的刀具与刽子手。彼时,驻藏大臣与当上摄政王的颇罗鼐合作,在布达拉宫前的修赤林卡(法座园林)以凌迟之刑缓慢处死两位谋杀同僚的重臣,令拉萨民众从上至下备受精神折磨,在图伯特历史上留下深刻印记。图伯特著名历史传记《颇罗鼐传》【5】中,记录了第一次目睹凌迟酷刑的颇罗鼐如何遭受心理创伤,余生为之忏悔,并在大昭寺供金灯为死者祷。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">不清楚图伯特历史上曾发生过多少次凌迟,据藏人作家嘉央诺布(Jamyang Norb)在文章《从黑暗到黎明:从清朝到独立的图伯特刑罚》里【6】:“哈佛大学最近出版的一本对凌迟的研究里(即《杀千刀:中西视野下的凌迟处死》的原著),作者们提到凌迟之刑在图伯特东部,一直到1910年都还在执行,由赵尔丰所下令。康区藏人说中国兵‘会让人慢慢死亡,把身体一次一小片割下,直到心脏,而生命终了为止。’作者们认为‘此刑可能被当成军事紧急措施,而受到批准。’”另外,据记载,1918年中华民国时,也对反抗的康区藏人用过凌迟、剥皮、烹刑、车裂等酷刑。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">有意思的是,由历史上138位驻藏大臣从中国带去的若干外来刑具——除了凌迟用的刀具,还有木枷,藏语称gya-go,意为“中国门”;还有拶指即夹手指的刑具;有些刑具甚至没有藏语称呼——虽然在图伯特本土极少使用,日后却成了中共揭批“旧西藏”如何惨无人道的“证据”。甚至时不时就会陈设在北京的“民族文化宫”,展示给中国民众看“旧西藏”的残酷、野蛮与原始,如网上有中国人说:“六七十年代,北京民族文化宫常年展览控诉西藏奴隶主的罪恶行径,人皮、头骨、各种刑具全是实物。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1024px;"><img alt="朗孜厦陈列馆外观。(唯色拍摄)" height="768" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/86708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-003.jpg/@@images/c9263f10-e36f-43b1-b3f9-2ea98faaf9ce.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="8月-自由亚洲特约评论1-003.jpg" width="1024" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">朗孜厦陈列馆外观。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1024px;"><a data-caption="朗孜厦陈列馆外观。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/86708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-003.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="朗孜厦陈列馆外观。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">事实上今天还专门设置的有这样的洗脑展览,比如位于拉萨八廓北路的一座三层藏式建筑名为朗孜厦,原为图伯特政府甘丹颇章政权时的拉萨法院,第一层为监狱,第二层为办公地,如今已被列为“文物保护单位”和“爱国主义教育基地”的陈列馆,走进去可以看见数间阴森森的牢房、数个惨兮兮的塑像、一些简陋的刑具等。从挂在墙上的几个小小的扩音器,传出几段字正腔圆的汉语普通话类似奥威尔所说的“新话”:“有的人怀着一线希望,在墙上刻下了计算关押时间的符号,但是一天一天,是多么漫长的日子。”“旧西藏有许多野蛮而残酷的刑罚,这里曾有不同的刑具,实施剜眼、砍手、断足、剥皮等酷刑……”配着单调的音乐,这几段普通话一直在循环、循环、循环,犹如并不锋利的刀片,一直在锲而不舍地,有节奏地,割着耳朵,割着脑神经,割着灵魂……</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1160px;"><img alt="左图:挂在朗孜厦陈列馆墙上的刑具。(唯色拍摄); 右图:朗孜厦陈列馆里的囚犯塑像。(唯色拍摄)" height="768" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/86708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-004-5.jpg/@@images/bc39e598-7434-4ca0-8f4a-411524865a4d.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="8月-自由亚洲特约评论1-004-5.jpg" width="1160" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">左图:挂在朗孜厦陈列馆墙上的刑具。(唯色拍摄); 右图:朗孜厦陈列馆里的囚犯塑像。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1160px;"><a data-caption="左图:挂在朗孜厦陈列馆墙上的刑具。(唯色拍摄); 右图:朗孜厦陈列馆里的囚犯塑像。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html/86708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-004-5.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="左图:挂在朗孜厦陈列馆墙上的刑具。(唯色拍摄); 右图:朗孜厦陈列馆里的囚犯塑像。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">而当年随着满清军队的涌入,图伯特人无力对付的天花病毒事实上再也没有平息过,此时在西方旅行者主的记载中,出现了“在中藏爆发了天花流行疫”【7】的记录。有的传教士很可笑,竟将疫病视为赢得图伯特人改变信仰的良机,认为“传教士把疫苗带进西藏是可能的,这是击败喇嘛教的导火线。”【8】</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>《天国之花:瘟疫文化史》,(美)唐纳德·霍普金斯(Donald Hopkins)著,沈跃明等译,上海人民出版社,2006<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,</span>265<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">页。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】《天国之花:瘟疫文化史》,(美)唐纳德·霍普金斯</span>(Donald Hopkins)著,沈跃明等译,上海人民出版社,2006<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,</span>273<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">页。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】摘自</span>夏格巴·旺曲德典(Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">)</span>著作《西藏政治史》(1967<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年在耶鲁大学出版,后更名《十万明月:高阶西藏政治史》,添补大量原始资料于</span>1976<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年出版藏文版,</span>2010<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年译成英文版)的中译本(由中国藏学研究中心翻译,书名《藏区政治史》为“以供批判”的内部资料)。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】《杀千刀:中西视野下的凌迟处死》(原著由哈佛大学出版社</span>2008年出版),(加)卜正民、(法)巩涛、(加格力高利·布鲁)著,张光润等译,商务印书馆,2013<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>《颇罗鼐传》,多卡夏仲·策仁旺杰著,汤池安译,西藏人民出版社,1988<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>嘉央诺布(Jamyang Norb<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">)文章《</span>从黑暗到黎明:从清朝到独立的图伯特刑罚》(From Darkness to Dawn: Legal Punishment in Tibet from Imperial Chinese Rule to Independence),台湾悬钩子译:<a href="http://woeser.middle-way.net/2009/09/blog-post_22.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://woeser.middle-way.net/2009/09/blog-post_22.html</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【7<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>《发现西藏》,(瑞士)米歇尔·泰勒(Michael Taylor)著,耿昇译,中国藏学出版社,1999<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,</span>62<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">页。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【8<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>《西藏探险》第三部第二章,(美)约翰·麦格雷格著,向红茄译,西藏人民出版社,1988<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-08112022094152.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-23951639833558148962024-03-15T18:52:00.009+08:002024-03-15T18:53:13.293+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十九)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十九)" height="413" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html/@@images/9a680f35-3a0d-4438-9a38-d4eb34be7d7f.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十九)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" face=""Merriweather Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">丝卷长50尺、绘图49幅的《噶玛巴为明太祖荐福图》(又名《普渡明太祖长卷图》),是永乐皇帝命宫廷画师制作的画卷,描绘第五世噶玛巴在中国二十二天法会中示现的各种瑞相,每幅画都附有中文、藏文、突厥文、蒙古文、察合台文书写的文字说明,现藏于西藏博物馆。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="丝卷长50尺、绘图49幅的《噶玛巴为明太祖荐福图》(又名《普渡明太祖长卷图》),是永乐皇帝命宫廷画师制作的画卷,描绘第五世噶玛巴在中国二十二天法会中示现的各种瑞相,每幅画都附有中文、藏文、突厥文、蒙古文、察合台文书写的文字说明,现藏于西藏博物馆。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="丝卷长50尺、绘图49幅的《噶玛巴为明太祖荐福图》(又名《普渡明太祖长卷图》),是永乐皇帝命宫廷画师制作的画卷,描绘第五世噶玛巴在中国二十二天法会中示现的各种瑞相,每幅画都附有中文、藏文、突厥文、蒙古文、察合台文书写的文字说明,现藏于西藏博物馆。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">图片来自网络</span></div></div></div><p> </p><br /><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;">11、去汉地危险,从汉地来的呢?(上)</h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />正如中国作家王力雄在《天葬:西藏的命运》【1】中写:“了解明朝与西藏的‘贡赐’很有意思,也颇能反映历史上中藏关系的本质,……自古以来的中国皇帝都把周边‘蛮夷’上贡当作统领万方之象征,以此满足‘天子’心态。明朝虽然内向自守,皇帝的这种爱好还是照样有。然而既然明朝没有采取大国扩张的态势,也就不能产生对‘蛮夷’的威慑,使‘蛮夷’畏惧或有求于‘中央帝国’,那么能靠什么保证其能自觉前来‘上贡’呢?明朝采用的方法即所谓‘厚赏羁縻’。”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">简言之,蛮夷们朝贡什么东西并不重要,那些地方特产竟还包括了酥油和氆氇。我的意思是,从图伯特高原走到汉地京城,山重水复,千里路迢迢,哪怕日夜骑马,也得需要太多时日,再新鲜的酥油包装得再好,也会腐坏,再结实的羊毛织物,随着各种细菌滋生,也会朽烂。连今天有飞机和高铁运输,酥油和氆氇也会变味。但“天子”无所谓,明太祖就说过:“其所贡方物,不过表诚敬而已”。那些味道强烈甚至已经发霉的土特产,天朝皇帝肯定看都不看一眼就给扔了。但是得礼尚往来呀,“对藏地来的朝贡者,明廷给予优渥接待。……一般来讲,所有回赐皆远高于贡品所值。对法王等亲自入贡者,赏赐尤为丰厚。……</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 641px;"><img alt="藏传佛教噶举派领袖第五世噶玛巴,于1407年(明朝永乐四年)应明成祖永乐皇帝邀请至南京弘法,并接受明成祖赠号即简称“大宝法王”。此幅唐卡绘画的是第五世噶玛巴与永乐皇帝。(图片来自网络)" height="1083" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-001.jpg/@@images/9813c572-bdb6-47c0-935d-faeef15c25b3.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="7月-自由亚洲特约评论2-001.jpg" width="641" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">藏传佛教噶举派领袖第五世噶玛巴,于1407年(明朝永乐四年)应明成祖永乐皇帝邀请至南京弘法,并接受明成祖赠号即简称“大宝法王”。此幅唐卡绘画的是第五世噶玛巴与永乐皇帝。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 641px;"><a data-caption="藏传佛教噶举派领袖第五世噶玛巴,于1407年(明朝永乐四年)应明成祖永乐皇帝邀请至南京弘法,并接受明成祖赠号即简称“大宝法王”。此幅唐卡绘画的是第五世噶玛巴与永乐皇帝。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-001.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="藏传佛教噶举派领袖第五世噶玛巴,于1407年(明朝永乐四年)应明成祖永乐皇帝邀请至南京弘法,并接受明成祖赠号即简称“大宝法王”。此幅唐卡绘画的是第五世噶玛巴与永乐皇帝。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">在获取厚利的吸引下,藏地向明廷‘朝贡’的人数不断增加。……每个进贡团动辄数百人乃至上千人,浩浩荡荡来内地免费‘旅游’,甚至出现‘假名冒贡’的现象。甘青、四川藏区的‘熟番’,也纷纷伪造印信,冒充乌思藏(卫藏地区)的‘生番’进京上贡,参加到这种‘贡赐贸易’之中。以至当时形成入贡者‘络绎不绝,赏赐不赀’的局面,给明朝政府造成很大的财政负担。”【2】</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> 不过,明皇帝肯定不是冤大头,正如研究明史和藏史的藏、汉学家艾略特·史伯岭的文章【3】中所写,明皇帝“注意到了吐蕃曾经给唐朝制造的种种事端。”另外,作为蛮夷的这方也不是只有酥油和氆氇,“西藏的马(尤其是安多的马)总是被汉地所珍视。明朝早期由于他们在北方的军事行动特别需要马。”也就因此有了茶马交换,盐、银子、绸缎等与马交换。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">又如前香港城市大学教授刘汉城著作中引《明史》记载【4】:“……有僧哈立麻者,……躬随使者入朝。[永乐] 四年……赐黄金百,白金千,钞二万,彩币四十五表里,法器、裀褥、 鞍马、香果、茶米诸物毕备。其从者亦有赐 。”第二年来又赠与许多厚礼。而“番僧”哈立麻,正是接受了明成祖赠号“大宝法王”的第五世噶玛巴得银协巴。不过五世噶玛巴是明成祖专门邀请去的,这个需要说明。艾略特·史伯岭引述藏文史料所记载的,明永乐皇帝致函五世噶玛巴:“从前,朕在北方的时候就听说了你的英名,朕想见你一次。”《明史》亦写:“帝闻乌思藏僧尚师。哈立麻有道术,善幻化,欲致一见。”五世噶玛巴在南京住了一年零三月,为皇帝举行了各种宗教仪式,确实留下十分神奇的记载。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 660px;"><img alt="《噶玛巴为明太祖荐福图》(又名《普渡明太祖长卷图》)局部。(图片来自网络)" height="440" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-003.jpg/@@images/13981e61-121b-4baf-b296-cbe456208248.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="7月-自由亚洲特约评论2-003.JPG" width="660" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">《噶玛巴为明太祖荐福图》(又名《普渡明太祖长卷图》)局部。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 660px;"><a data-caption="《噶玛巴为明太祖荐福图》(又名《普渡明太祖长卷图》)局部。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-003.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="《噶玛巴为明太祖荐福图》(又名《普渡明太祖长卷图》)局部。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.9px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.9px;" /><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">无论是受邀进京还是主动“入贡”,显而易见,在还没怎么领略到天花那可怕的威力之前,汉地就像花花世界强烈地吸引着各方蛮夷们。执着贪图各种赏赐的“番僧”“番人”们争相奔向帝都,然后幸福无比地满载而归。结果那疏而不漏的果报,也就缓缓地随后而至了。其中一个果报肯定是天花。大宝法王噶玛巴得银协巴正是染疫天花而圆寂的,尽管是回到藏地之后才发生的。天花病毒是有潜伏期的,几日、几个月甚至更长。不止一位噶玛巴是因感染天花圆寂的,前面提到十二世噶玛巴到了兰州后也丧生天花,但在噶玛噶举教派的传承记录中找不到有关天花为死因的记录,是出于避讳吗?</span><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">诸多历史事件都已经证明,去花花世界是要命的。那不是花花世界,那分明是三界火宅啊!“三界无安,犹如火宅,众苦充满,甚可怖畏……”【5】然而我们的仁波切们以“我不入地狱谁入地狱”的大无畏精神前赴后继地出发了,当然他们也都被后世弟子们美化成了为弘扬佛法付出了牺牲的菩萨们。好吧,伟大的天花痘症功德无量。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【1】《天葬:西藏的命运》,王力雄著,香港明镜出版社1998年初版,台湾大块文化2018年再版修订版。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【2】摘王力雄《天葬:西藏的命运》一书。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【3】《五世噶玛巴以及西藏和明初的关系要略》,(美)史伯岭(ElliotSperling)著,才让太译,见《国外藏学研究译文集》第二辑,西藏人民出版社,1987年。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【4】《西藏自古以来就不是中国的一部分》,刘汉城著,台湾雪域出版社,2019年,191页。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【5】摘《法华经·譬喻品》。</p><div><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"> (</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07252022065437.html</a>)</span></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-74789955202166983932024-03-15T18:50:00.008+08:002024-03-15T18:50:46.689+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(十八)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(十八)" height="343" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/@@images/b1d40f2c-2cd1-4c93-83ad-e4bbf0d39ad5.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(十八)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">左图:在古老佛殿吉如拉康的金城公主像据说是近年新命名。(唯色2021年拍摄); 右图:一幅古老的布达拉宫绘图下方可见三白塔。(图片来自网络)</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="左图:在古老佛殿吉如拉康的金城公主像据说是近年新命名。(唯色2021年拍摄); 右图:一幅古老的布达拉宫绘图下方可见三白塔。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="左图:在古老佛殿吉如拉康的金城公主像据说是近年新命名。(唯色2021年拍摄); 右图:一幅古老的布达拉宫绘图下方可见三白塔。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">唯色2021年拍摄/网络</span></div></div></div><p> </p><br /><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;">10<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、被天花夺命的两位唐国女子(下)</span></h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“金城公主死于天花,是有诸多史料记载的,敦煌文献就有记载。”落藏永旦博士说。因从于阗邀请的和尚带来的病毒,不只金城公主被染上,很多图伯特人都被染上。检索到相关文章提及金城公主739<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年去世,“</span>于阗逃难僧人来蕃的时间可能是735年左右。这一时期,大批的外来僧人散居在山南、拉萨等地的寺庙内……”【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】 ;“大约在外来佛教僧侣进入吐蕃三年后,发生了一次严重的天花大流行,金城公主本身也在这次的瘟疫当中丧命。支持苯波的大臣们,藉口这些僧侣是发生瘟疫的原因,就把他们赶出吐蕃。”【</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">金城公主可能是个脾气很坏的任性女子。据夏格巴·旺秋德丹先生记载,金城公主到吐蕃后诸多不顺,日子过得很郁闷,就想逃离,但无人助她。连辗转得知她情况的唐国皇帝都拒绝,还派信使送去措辞甚严的信,要求她“为了我和我的国家,你务须留住吐蕃”。结果她“心烦意乱,使吐蕃一些风水宝地受到破坏”【3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】,包括将连接布达拉宫所在的玛波日山和甲波日山的地脉切断,为的是要破坏强盛吐蕃的风水,这个迁怒发狂的动作不可谓不霸蛮。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 634px;"><img alt="这是1903-1904年英国远征军进入拉萨时拍摄的三白塔,这里被称为拉萨的西门。(图片来自网络)" height="404" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-0034e09767d5854.jpg/@@images/726937a8-3eec-469a-887c-df58e31bdcf9.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="7月-自由亚洲特约评论1-003三白塔.jpg" width="634" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">这是1903-1904年英国远征军进入拉萨时拍摄的三白塔,这里被称为拉萨的西门。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 634px;"><a data-caption="这是1903-1904年英国远征军进入拉萨时拍摄的三白塔,这里被称为拉萨的西门。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-0034e09767d5854.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="这是1903-1904年英国远征军进入拉萨时拍摄的三白塔,这里被称为拉萨的西门。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="如今的三白塔所在处成了中国游客打卡拍摄点。(唯色拍摄)" height="960" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-0044e09767d5854.jpg/@@images/cb047f2d-b5a7-4a75-bbfc-a4021b5e7337.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="7月-自由亚洲特约评论1-004三白塔.jpg" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">如今的三白塔所在处成了中国游客打卡拍摄点。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="如今的三白塔所在处成了中国游客打卡拍摄点。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-0044e09767d5854.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="如今的三白塔所在处成了中国游客打卡拍摄点。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">之后或可能是赞普赤松德赞的指示,在断脉之处修筑三座白塔以示连接,正中白塔的空间犹如西大门,可供大队人马通过,被称为“查果迦腻”(藏语发音“查果嘎林”Drakor Karling<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),成了拉萨古城重要的地标之一,却屡屡历经死而复生:虽然在五世达赖喇嘛的时代维修过,并在塔顶连接了十三个法轮风铃和经幡,但当满清大将福康安入藏,恐此处风水强盛,用大炮将三塔炸平。之后虽又被藏人修复,但到了世事反转的近代,先是毛泽东的军队穿塔而过,占地为王;接着在</span>1965<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年轰轰烈烈地进行</span>第一次“城市改造”时,三塔再次被推平。拉萨人民由衷怀念,以致于1980<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年代出现了一首名为《白塔查果嘎林》的歌曲,由著名歌手达珍演唱,传遍整个雪域高原。至今仍常常听到:“在布达拉宫的前面</span>,有三座美丽的宝塔,风马旗在风中飘扬,风铃声曾是那么悠扬。啊白塔查果嘎林,三座万众钟爱的宝塔;啊白塔查果嘎林,我像是见到了你的尊容……。”到了1990年,在又一轮拉萨城市建设中,三塔以水泥混凝土复制,中间塔的空间缩小,与南北两座塔之间的马路拓宽,属于新命名的北京中路一部分。据说,这三座复制塔并没有举行装藏仪式,只是徒具其名。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">关于金城公主的故事如今也是各种新编,已在文成公主剧场的旁边新盖了金城公主剧场,夜夜舞台剧,歌颂这位“释然大爱的吐蕃国母”“为造福吐蕃百姓,她大力发展医药、兴建水利、开茶马互市”【4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】的丰功伟绩。不知道会不会</span>颂扬她如何生下了民族团结的结晶(我同样对此存疑),如何催生了823年立于大昭寺前的“唐蕃会盟碑”【5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】,但肯定不会提及铭刻于石碑上的这句名言——“蕃于蕃国受安,汉亦汉国受乐”,这可不是帝国需要的剧情,虽然是真实存在的历史。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="在拉萨新盖的金城公主剧场。(图片来自网络)" height="958" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-00591d157ce516c4e3b5267573a.jpg/@@images/08ce747a-f3f9-46c8-8df7-c5ea15ced4b5.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="7月-自由亚洲特约评论1-005金城公主剧场.JPG" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">在拉萨新盖的金城公主剧场。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="在拉萨新盖的金城公主剧场。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-00591d157ce516c4e3b5267573a.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="在拉萨新盖的金城公主剧场。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1080px;"><img alt="改写或戏说历史的《金城公主》剧。(图片来自网络)" height="791" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-00691d157ce516c4e3b5267573a.jpg/@@images/aca13aeb-7a55-4f3e-9f33-d5040185cff2.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="7月-自由亚洲特约评论1-006金城公主剧场.JPG" width="1080" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">改写或戏说历史的《金城公主》剧。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1080px;"><a data-caption="改写或戏说历史的《金城公主》剧。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html/76708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-00691d157ce516c4e3b5267573a.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="改写或戏说历史的《金城公主》剧。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">实际上,吐蕃与唐国并存的近三百年,除了“和亲”并由此可见双方的地位及关系,还有多次战争但经常是唐国失败,以致于需要多次写信给吐蕃恳切求和,甚至还让大诗人白居易代笔呢。据记载,在公元808<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年至</span>810<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,</span>白居易数度受命,以唐宪宗皇帝的名义两次致信吐蕃两位宰相,要求归还被吐蕃占领的地方和抓走的使者;又以唐国两个边疆军事总督的名义,分别致信吐蕃的两位节度使【6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】谈及边境事态,至少写过四封信,“总计</span>2100<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个汉字遗留至今”,语言之生动,表达之恳切,堪称感人肺腑。比如,以唐国皇帝的口吻这样对吐蕃宰相诉说:</span>“彼此不侵。虽未申以会盟。亦足称为和好。必欲复信修誓。即须重划封疆。虽两国盟约之言。积年未定。但三州交割之后。克日可期。朕之衷情。卿之志愿。俱在于此。…冬寒。卿比平安好。遣书指不多及。”大诗人也太不容易了,把满腹诗才付诸于为国降和、代人捉刀的书信,又像是外交部发言人,这也是历史上罕见的细节。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">注释:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】唐朝长安佛教对吐蕃佛教的影响</span>-<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">许得存:</span><a href="http://www.shanxifojiao.com.cn/fxy/lb1/2011/0903/554.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://www.shanxifojiao.com.cn/fxy/lb1/2011/0903/554.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】利美运动之研究(</span>Study of <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</span>Rismed<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”</span> Movement<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),萧智隆撰(南华大学宗教学研究所硕士论文)</span><a href="http://nhuir.nhu.edu.tw/retrieve/21452/100NHU05183007-001.pdf" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://nhuir.nhu.edu.tw/retrieve/21452/100NHU05183007-001.pdf</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>夏格巴·旺秋德丹:又写夏格巴·旺曲德典,Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,</span>1907-1989<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,</span>西藏噶厦政府官员,西藏当代历史学家。他用英文著写《西藏政治史》,1967<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年在耶鲁大学出版,后更名《十万明月:高阶西藏政治史》,添补大量原始资料于</span>1976<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年出版藏文版,</span>2010<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年译成英文版。此书被国际藏学界认为是“提供了大量新的信息,包括西方学者未曾接触过的一些文献,可被视为这段时期西藏史的开山之作”。但该书被中共批判,并由中国藏学研究中心翻译为内部资料《藏区政治史》,以供批判。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】金城公主舞台剧:</span><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%87%91%E5%9F%8E%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB/23667481" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%87%91%E5%9F%8E%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB/23667481</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span>据文献记载,此碑是吐蕃国与唐国为划定界线,互不侵扰,信守和好,以藏汉两种文字于823<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年立下的盟誓之碑。其中最著名的两句是“蕃于蕃国受安,汉亦汉国受乐,兹乃合其大业耳。依此盟誓,永久不得移易,然三宝及诸贤圣日月星辰请为知证。”</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">【6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】即《白居易致吐蕃当局书》(公元</span>808-810<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年),(捷克)约瑟夫·柯尔玛斯著,阿沛·晋美译,见《国外藏学研究译文集》第一辑,西藏人民出版社,</span>1985<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。</span></p><div><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="background-color: white; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"> (</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-07122022135605.html</a>)</span></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-52481942027974633422024-03-15T18:48:00.004+08:002024-03-15T18:48:58.711+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(十七)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(十七)" height="473" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/@@images/74282b2f-c51f-4afe-8a0f-5e28e73d936f.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时 我们在谈论什么(十七)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" face=""Merriweather Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">中国画家绘画的文成公主和亲图</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="中国画家绘画的文成公主和亲图" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="中国画家绘画的文成公主和亲图"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(图片来自中国人大网)</span></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;">10<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、被天花夺命的两位唐国女子(上)</span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">古代中国与周边邻国之间除了不断的战争,就是为求和平得不断修好。其中一个很有名的修好术是“和亲”。“和亲”与政治联姻绝不一样。政治联姻意味着双方平等的婚姻关系。至于“和亲”,无论你今天抬高成“下嫁”也好,美化成渴慕“爱情”奔赴远方也好,说到底跟投降差不多,或者说是含有降和的意味吧。而且是很没面子的降和,让自家的平素高贵无比的公主,哪怕不是真公主而是假公主顶替,但也是担了公主的名,以一个弱女子之躯替代了血气方刚的军队,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">悲悲切切地踏上了去往异国他乡的不归长路。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">而</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在漫长的历史岁月中,“和亲”之举不绝于书。在网上查到一份“中国和亲女性列表”,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">仅最早开始</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">和亲</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的汉朝就有</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">14</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人,而唐朝“和亲”各位“诸蕃”的真假公主就有</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">20<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人,其中有两个女子去了最遥远的吐蕃。她们正是公元</span>641<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年“和亲”的文成公主,公元</span>709<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年“和亲”的金城公主,据说她俩还是亲戚。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">王力雄在《天葬:西藏的命运》书中写道:“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">很多中国人都是通过文成公主的神话认识中国与西藏的历史关系,似乎中国把公主嫁到哪,哪就从此属于中国了。这是一种有些可笑的逻辑。事实上,当时的西藏非常强大,势力范围向西越过帕米尔高原,波及阿拉伯和土耳其控制区,向北到今日的中国新疆和甘肃的河西走廊,向东曾经占领中国四川、云南的大片领土。那个时期的藏民族以征服者的姿态,在整个中亚到处安营扎寨。唐朝开国的李氏家族本身带有突厥血统和文化背景,把联姻当作一种平定边疆的政治行为──可想,嫁一个公主远比调遣大军来得便宜。王室的女儿多得很,何况帝王并不嫁自己的亲生女儿(文成公主亦只是宗室之女)。”【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="2013年在拉萨建的文成公主剧场,官媒报道“一号工程”头期投资7.5亿元。之后渲染文成公主神话的实景剧《文成公主》在拉萨旅游季节夜夜上演。(友人拍摄)" height="852" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/66708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-265876210516c4e3b5267573a.jpg/@@images/61ba85bc-8622-4f45-b255-4e1fc5305b68.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月-自由亚洲特约评论2-2文成公主剧场.JPG" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">2013年在拉萨建的文成公主剧场,官媒报道“一号工程”头期投资7.5亿元。之后渲染文成公主神话的实景剧《文成公主》在拉萨旅游季节夜夜上演。(友人拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="2013年在拉萨建的文成公主剧场,官媒报道“一号工程”头期投资7.5亿元。之后渲染文成公主神话的实景剧《文成公主》在拉萨旅游季节夜夜上演。(友人拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/66708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-265876210516c4e3b5267573a.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="2013年在拉萨建的文成公主剧场,官媒报道“一号工程”头期投资7.5亿元。之后渲染文成公主神话的实景剧《文成公主》在拉萨旅游季节夜夜上演。(友人拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 768px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/66708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-365876210516c4e3b50cf.jpg" rel="lightbox" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank"><img alt="在著名古寺昌珠寺前新立的文成公主像。(唯色拍攝)" height="576" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/66708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-365876210516c4e3b50cf.jpg/@@images/3c9c315d-2e4b-4f02-ad8e-29f64f055828.jpeg" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月-自由亚洲特约评论2-3文成公主像.jpg" width="768" /></a><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">在著名古寺昌珠寺前新立的文成公主像。(唯色拍攝)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 768px;"><a data-caption="在著名古寺昌珠寺前新立的文成公主像。(唯色拍攝)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/66708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-365876210516c4e3b50cf.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="在著名古寺昌珠寺前新立的文成公主像。(唯色拍攝)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“和亲”的公主无论真假都很可怜,远嫁陌异国度的陌异男子,若感染疫病,痛苦早死,没有比这更悲惨的了。荒唐的是,出于不可一世的傲慢和强烈的虚荣心,帝国的戏精们把“卖身”降和的悲剧改编成了浪漫煽情的大一统喜剧。是的,我说的正是如今新编音乐剧《文成公主》,在与布达拉宫遥遥相对的山脚下夜夜上演,把伟大的君王松赞干布说成了日夜渴慕大唐的花痴,把他早就同四位王妃居住的宫殿,说成了专为那个无所不能的长安少女盖的新房。于是贵为文成公主的她不得不泣别名义上的父王,远赴番人之地,一路悲壮,沉浸在“人间皆是故乡”的一统幻梦中。随着带有广场舞旋律的歌声响起,在数道划破天际的灯光秀中,让激动不已的松赞干布冲出布达拉宫去迎接心上人,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">似乎是,他不仅臣服于莫须有的爱情,也臣服于从此延续至今甚至未来、永远的一统江山。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我非常愿意引述王力雄的这段话:“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">固然,正经从事史学研究的人还不至于把嫁公主当成国家主权的证明,但是过份夸大文成公主对西藏的重要性,却是一种相当普遍的现象。似乎是因为文成公主进藏才使西藏有了文明,包括医疗知识、技术工艺、烹调知识、蔬菜种子,甚至西藏的佛教都是文成公主带去的。就算这中间有若干真实,然而过份强调,就成了一种民族自大的倾向,似乎只要汉民族嫁出去一个女儿,就能改变另外一个民族的文明和历史,并且成为两个民族世世代代不可分割的根据。事实已经证明,这不过是一相情愿的神话。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 960px;"><img alt="大昭寺供奉的吐蕃君王松赞干布塑像。(唯色拍攝)" height="768" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/66708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-4677e8d5e5e725e0350cf2.jpg/@@images/da419563-ea88-43a4-8ab2-662a2409e877.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月-自由亚洲特约评论2-4松赞干布像2.jpg" width="960" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">大昭寺供奉的吐蕃君王松赞干布塑像。(唯色拍攝)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 960px;"><a data-caption="大昭寺供奉的吐蕃君王松赞干布塑像。(唯色拍攝)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html/66708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-4677e8d5e5e725e0350cf2.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="大昭寺供奉的吐蕃君王松赞干布塑像。(唯色拍攝)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">简言之,吐蕃君王松赞干布</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有五个王妃,前三个是图伯特人:芒妃芒萨墀嘉、象雄妃勒托曼、木雅茹妃嘉姆增;第四个和第五个都是外国女子:尼泊尔的墀尊公主,唐国的文成公主。吐蕃史料记载墀尊公主为王后,即“觉蒙”(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jo Mo</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),而文成公主排在五位王妃的最后一个,称“赞蒙”(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Btsun Mo</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),泛指王室妇人,与“觉蒙”的地位显然有根本差别。松赞干布为五位王妃都建有佛殿或神庙,并与芒妃芒萨墀嘉生王子贡松贡赞,延续吐蕃赞普王统,与其余四位王妃无子女。文成公主于</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">680<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年或</span>683<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年去世,有文章写道:“</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">关于文成公主的死因,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">20<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">世纪</span>30<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年代我国著名学者王尧先生在敦煌藏文献</span>P.T.960<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中发现了文成公主死于痘症(天花)这一重要线索,这与吐蕃文献《拔协》一书记载相互吻合。</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】摘自</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《天葬:西藏的命运》,王力雄著,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">原版于</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1998<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年由明镜出版社出版,</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">台湾大块文化</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2018<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年再版。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】吐蕃文书与考古:</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.dhrgm.com/key/%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%99%B5%E5%A2%93%E4%B9%8B%E8%B0%9C.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://www.dhrgm.com/key/%E6%96%87%E6%88%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%99%B5%E5%A2%93%E4%B9%8B%E8%B0%9C.html</a></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> (<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06142022071624.html</a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">)</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-70229661800764303432024-03-15T18:46:00.002+08:002024-03-15T18:46:22.257+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十六)<div class="separator"><p style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十六)" height="487" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/@@images/df73babb-6d54-4473-9672-6cdc951eb7e9.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十六)" width="620" /></p></div><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: left; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-right: 36px; width: 1px;"><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">这是宗角鲁康,意为布达拉宫背后供奉鲁神的殿堂。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="这是宗角鲁康,意为布达拉宫背后供奉鲁神的殿堂。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="这是宗角鲁康,意为布达拉宫背后供奉鲁神的殿堂。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(唯色拍摄)</span></div></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><h4 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;"><br /></h4><h4 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;"><br /></h4><h4 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;"><br /></h4><h4 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;"><br /></h4><h4 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">9<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、“活死人”即隔离术(下)</span></h4><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">依据与落藏永旦博士的几次交谈,在这里,我要大致列举出图伯特的其他几种避疫方法:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一种是食物禁忌:不吃水里动物,如</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鱼、虾、蟹、青蛙等;</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">不吃</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">奇蹄类动物,如马、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">驴</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">骡</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">等;不吃尖爪类动物,如狗、猫、狐狸、水獭等;不吃飞禽类动物,如</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鹰</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">秃鹫</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、蝙蝠等;还有不吃死亡动物,如死牛、死羊、死猪等。这些食物禁忌,往往被认为是图伯特传统中对“鲁”【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】神的信仰。确实如此,但也跟防疫有关。就“鲁”神信仰我多次写过,总之与图伯特原生宗教苯教有关,中文译成“龙”但这不对,因为两者的文化特质不一样。苯教经典认为,</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人间</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">四百多种</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">病包括天花、麻风等,源于鲁神被冒犯被亵渎。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="哲蚌寺墙上的壁画,所绘的双鱼完全是照着拉萨河里的鱼画成。(唯色拍摄)" height="958" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-002.jpg/@@images/577628c9-b23d-41e7-a855-232b97784952.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月自由亚洲特约评论第1篇-002.JPG" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">哲蚌寺墙上的壁画,所绘的双鱼完全是照着拉萨河里的鱼画成。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="哲蚌寺墙上的壁画,所绘的双鱼完全是照着拉萨河里的鱼画成。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-002.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="哲蚌寺墙上的壁画,所绘的双鱼完全是照着拉萨河里的鱼画成。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">一种是藏医治疗:其中火疗包括烟熏、焚香等,以示净化与消毒。火焰疗法与霍普金斯讲述的,在欧洲过去针对天花的“红色疗法”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】相似。记得在</span>2003<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年 “</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">非典”疫情中,藏医院等藏医机构制作的燃香、防瘟香囊等很抢手,源源不断地邮寄到北京等地。燃香须点燃,香囊要挂在胸前,里面有香味特别的藏药一枚。同样,新冠疫情期间仍是这样。我收到亲人从拉萨寄来的香囊,并不容易买到,价格也不便宜。还有传统藏药“催汤散”,用以煎服的汤剂,细嗅熬煮时散发的气味更好。去年新冠爆发时,拉萨的藏医院用大号保温桶装满煮好的催汤散,人人都可以像接开水一样服用,走廊上和病房里都能闻到草本药材的清香。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一种是与信仰相关的疫苗:比如佩戴护身盒嘎乌【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】。在可以打开的护身盒里,不但有佛像等圣物,还有“甘露丸”等法药,还有某些珍贵的草药,甚至有“</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">被称为神之物质的白痘痂”等碾磨后的粉末;其实就是预防天花的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">疫苗,从而形成可以提供保护的神圣领域。联想到新冠病毒扫荡全球,戴口罩成为迄今人们仍须遵守的避疫方法。一度口罩难求,如今人人口罩不离身,口罩就是现代人的“嘎乌”。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1280px;"><img alt="这是青蛙嘛尼石,藏文写的是:“顶礼鲁神及诸菩萨,我为所杀的青蛙、蝌蚪等一切生命所造下的罪孽表示忏悔。”(唯色拍摄)" height="960" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-003.jpg/@@images/4599dd47-3f3a-46b8-bfc7-53f5f19a4659.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月自由亚洲特约评论第1篇-003.JPG" width="1280" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">这是青蛙嘛尼石,藏文写的是:“顶礼鲁神及诸菩萨,我为所杀的青蛙、蝌蚪等一切生命所造下的罪孽表示忏悔。”(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1280px;"><a data-caption="这是青蛙嘛尼石,藏文写的是:“顶礼鲁神及诸菩萨,我为所杀的青蛙、蝌蚪等一切生命所造下的罪孽表示忏悔。”(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-003.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="这是青蛙嘛尼石,藏文写的是:“顶礼鲁神及诸菩萨,我为所杀的青蛙、蝌蚪等一切生命所造下的罪孽表示忏悔。”(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">还有,当时许多人嗜好吸鼻烟,于是将天花干痂碎末与鼻烟混合,一并吸服,类似接种疫苗。这也像我们今天排队在手臂上打疫苗,只是换了个方式。</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">以上提及的食物禁忌等,在悠长的岁月中潜移默化到日常生活,形成了基本上人人都要遵守的传统习惯。我再强调一遍,这些风俗实质上跟防疫有关,不只是防天花,也防其他瘟疫。一位经历了世事反转而不得不流亡异乡的藏医,就当今时代流行的疾病说:“原因有二,一是道德行为败坏,二是污染。”【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】去年新冠疫情爆发时,藏人从古代藏文医学文献中翻出有关瘟疫的记录,再次强调人须忌口忌杀生;又从每年依天文星算提前印制的藏历日历上,找到这样的预言:“(该年)肺部疾病横行;瘟疫流传;药效甚微……”,“有个感冒、发烧的传染病的危机降临”等等。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1024px;"><img alt="《四部医典》里所绘的各种疾病图示。(Palden提供)" height="714" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-004.jpg/@@images/28853f86-3e84-4e46-8817-a55b2c48861f.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月自由亚洲特约评论第1篇-004.jpg" width="1024" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">《四部医典》里所绘的各种疾病图示。(Palden提供)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1024px;"><a data-caption="《四部医典》里所绘的各种疾病图示。(Palden提供)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-004.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="《四部医典》里所绘的各种疾病图示。(Palden提供)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">当时微信公众号上有篇短文《藏区传染病简史》【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】,作者是西南民族大学博士生导师土登彭措先生,提到了藏文史料中隔离传染病的最早记载,即我在前面提及的吐蕃第三十代赞普因染疫而被隔离,活着住进一个专门修建的陵墓,成了“活死人”。还介绍了《四部医典》中,医生在传染病治疗中的防疫方法:咒语保护和药物保护,包括可以直接食用的咒语和戴在脖子上的咒语;民间则有类似口食传播的接种方法,即讨取病愈者脸上遗留的痘疤,将其和鼻烟搅拌饮下。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有趣的是,去年藏历新年前夕的“驱鬼”仪式上,许多地方的藏人都用糌粑团捏出了新冠病毒张牙舞爪的形状,配上旁白,拍成小视频,在社交媒体上流传,令人忍俊不禁。藏人的幽默还体现在这句拉萨谚语里:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">拉萨帕廓转多少圈,卖饼子的麻脸奶奶都在。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">麻脸奶奶(藏语发音“吧乍嫫啦”,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bazrak Mola<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">)是得过天花才会满脸麻子,她每天都会在背篓里装满她做的饼子(藏语发音“帕勒”,</span>Pale<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">),坐在转经者源源不断的帕廓街头。虽然人们畏惧天花,但遇见麻脸奶奶会微笑,听她讲故事,买她的饼子吃。当然这句谚语也比喻了时间的重复性。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1080px;"><img alt="不同内供(包括护身符、药丸等)的嘎乌盒,18-·9世纪,私人藏品。(图片来自网络)" height="759" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-005.jpg/@@images/d9793a96-3562-4d43-978e-d75bff4aa706.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6月自由亚洲特约评论第1篇-005.JPG" width="1080" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">不同内供(包括护身符、药丸等)的嘎乌盒,18-·9世纪,私人藏品。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1080px;"><a data-caption="不同内供(包括护身符、药丸等)的嘎乌盒,18-·9世纪,私人藏品。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html/6670881ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba7b2c17bc7-005.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="不同内供(包括护身符、药丸等)的嘎乌盒,18-·9世纪,私人藏品。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】鲁:</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">ཀླུ་།</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Klu)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,即栖息在江河湖海、森林沼泽、神山古迹等地的各类神灵总称,被认为是地下世界(地穴和水域)的掌控者,汉语勉强被译为“龙”,但不准确甚至是错误的,因为在中文里并没有这一文化特质和概念。在有着苯教传统的图伯特文化里,众多生活在水土里、岩石里、森林里、地穴里的动物,如鱼、蛇、青蛙等,被视为兼具好运与厄运的鲁神化身。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">从《天国之花:瘟疫文化史》读到,许多世纪以来,饱受各种瘟疫折磨的世界各地不同文化的人们发明了无数疗法来对治,比如用泻药或放血法来帮助天花病人康复,还有各种土疗法:西非的棕榈油等草药用剂,巴西的马粪粉,中世纪阿拉伯的驴油,日本的天花病人用加了清酒、米汤、红豆和盐的热水洗澡,以及最奇特又历久不衰的“红色疗法”曾在欧洲盛行,即穿红衣服、挂红布、裹上红毯子、吃红色糕点,连灯罩和墙面都得是红色的,等等。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】嘎乌:</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">གའུ།</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ghau<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,护身盒,内置有圣物、法药等,是一种随身携带的微型佛龛。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】《雪域境外流亡记》</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(In Exile from the Land of Snows),<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(美)约翰·</span>F<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">·艾夫唐著,尹建新</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">译,西藏人民出版社,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1987<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">藏区传染病简史:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Zzp049bEZrCRQfFj7GSiLQ" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Zzp049bEZrCRQfFj7GSiLQ</a></span></p><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-06012022064427.html</a>)</span></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="discreet" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777;"><span class="searchresultdate" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: none;"></span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-81388079217352413602024-03-15T18:41:00.012+08:002024-03-15T18:43:58.859+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十五)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 36px; line-height: 45px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十五)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/@@images/39d09fc7-9f25-4314-9e7f-0f2a37154c4d.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十五)" width="620" /></h1></div><div class="mobilecontainer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: left; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-right: 36px; width: 1px;"><span class="lead_image_caption" face=""Merriweather Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">吐蕃帝国赞普(君王)陵之一。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="吐蕃帝国赞普(君王)陵之一。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="吐蕃帝国赞普(君王)陵之一。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(唯色拍摄)</span></div></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">9、“活死人”即隔离术(上)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">抗击天花等疫病的手段主要是隔离、检疫和治疗,这是人类的共识和经验。据西藏历史学者德荣·泽仁邓珠的著作《藏族通史·吉祥宝瓶》【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1】:“大约在公元3世纪时,藏族对传染病人,如像麻风病等采取隔离政策,这在世界医学史上实属最早。这个制度在《四部医典》和其它早些的医学著作中有记载。”比如有个民间故事讲述了印度医生遇见藏女背着染疫的母亲离家,以免传染家人,得罪屋神。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我印象最深的是公元<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">6世纪吐蕃第三十代君王与王后的故事,一个关于禁忌、报应和自我惩罚的故事。大致是说,王后生子后日渐憔悴,赞普问其缘故,王后声称需吃家乡的食物;取来食用后果然容颜如昨。赞普好奇查看,惊见是油炸青蛙而这犯了大忌,于是得了麻风病。据说两人都得了麻风病,为避免恶疾传染王子和子民,富有牺牲精神的君王携王后做了“活死人”,应该还带了仆从都做了“活死人”。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1297px;"><img alt="今西藏自治区山南地区琼结县是吐蕃帝国最重要的地域,有22位赞普(君主)的陵墓分布于此。(图片来自网络)" height="1128" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-002.jpg/@@images/adf7c2f8-ded3-46d1-a49b-d1db31eb5e47.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2" width="1297" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">今西藏自治区山南地区琼结县是吐蕃帝国最重要的地域,有22位赞普(君主)的陵墓分布于此。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1297px;"><a data-caption="今西藏自治区山南地区琼结县是吐蕃帝国最重要的地域,有22位赞普(君主)的陵墓分布于此。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-002.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="今西藏自治区山南地区琼结县是吐蕃帝国最重要的地域,有22位赞普(君主)的陵墓分布于此。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">什么是“活死人”?有一种说法称活着进入坟墓,给人被活埋的感觉。但事实上不是这样<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,而是在远处修筑圆形土堡,住进去后与世隔绝,从此不再与活人见面。当然活人是必须要来送食物、衣物等等的,“很远就吹一声号角,这时已得死人称谓的人们,应立即避到各自的藏身屋里。”来人留下东西后,“又要吹一声号,这时‘活死人们’纷纷走出,享用各自应得的衣食。”【2】连他们的牲畜也属于不可接触者。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1440px;"><img alt="据记载,这是“九世纪石狮在琼结山谷的吐蕃赞普赤热巴坚陵墓前”。(唯色拍摄)" height="1080" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-003.jpg/@@images/d03aa80d-d6c0-4915-b9bb-9d7855b4e474.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3" width="1440" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">据记载,这是“九世纪石狮在琼结山谷的吐蕃赞普赤热巴坚陵墓前”。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1440px;"><a data-caption="据记载,这是“九世纪石狮在琼结山谷的吐蕃赞普赤热巴坚陵墓前”。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-003.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="据记载,这是“九世纪石狮在琼结山谷的吐蕃赞普赤热巴坚陵墓前”。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">这位赞普是图伯特历史上最伟大的君王、第三十三代赞普松赞干布的曾祖父。他以个人的牺牲换来了吐蕃的荣光,事迹理当传扬。作为君王,“如此遵守国法,这在世界历史上也许绝无仅有。”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3】但要补充的是,正如《天国之花》记载,16世纪初,当西班牙人发现了远在秘鲁的印加帝国是多么地富饶,天花也就随之而来。被印第安人奉为太阳之子的印加国王不幸染上,留下遗言:“我的父亲太阳在召唤我,我现在该走了,去待在他身边”;之后“用石头把自己封在房间里,孤独地死去”。真正的王者之死都这样:具有高贵者的尊严和神秘,与俗世隔绝。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 682px;"><img alt="拉萨大昭寺前的无字碑和“种痘碑”。(图片来自网络)" height="1024" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-004.jpg/@@images/2b516900-0847-4334-8045-d32f8a135f90.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="4" width="682" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">拉萨大昭寺前的无字碑和“种痘碑”。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 682px;"><a data-caption="拉萨大昭寺前的无字碑和“种痘碑”。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-004.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="拉萨大昭寺前的无字碑和“种痘碑”。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">所谓“活死人”,其实就是隔离者。瘟疫的传播与人的交往有关,为对治瘟疫务必需要实行与人的隔离。需要说明的是,图伯特人的这种隔离方法并不是永远地隔离或抛弃亲人,这个传统是:三至七天或两周的隔离。在这个期限内,躲不过去的则走上了中阴轮回路,幸存下来的则返回人间,带着身体上的印记继续过着大限未到的人生。今日,新冠疫情的隔离也与当年类似。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">普通染疫者当然不会有染疫的赞普和王后那样可以做“活死人”的运气。如德荣·泽仁邓珠写:“这个习俗一直延续到今日。藏区凡家中有人得了传染病,特别是麻风病,则主动离开家人(生活不能自理的小孩除外)和村寨,到无人的深山老林、僻地河沟或岩洞中居住,从不接触家人和其他任何人。家中亲属和亲朋好友等将病人所需的食物、营养品、生活用具以及探视病人的礼物,放在离病人看得见的地方,让病人自取。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 768px;"><img alt="“种痘碑”如今罩在新盖的这座中式碑亭里。(唯色拍摄)" height="1024" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-005.jpg/@@images/a21f9194-5fed-480f-ba57-bfbef5ea034c.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="5" width="768" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">“种痘碑”如今罩在新盖的这座中式碑亭里。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 768px;"><a data-caption="“种痘碑”如今罩在新盖的这座中式碑亭里。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-005.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="“种痘碑”如今罩在新盖的这座中式碑亭里。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">然而图伯特人的隔离法似乎不为他者所理解,被视为野蛮又残忍。霍普金斯引述那些在西藏的旅行者的记录,“描述了天花是如何从北京传到拉萨的。……一旦一户人家中有人患天花,其他人就要搬到偏僻的山顶或山谷中。有人饿死在那里。”这类走马观花的记录很难说是完整的。西方探险家和传教士等,自己对天花已经免疫,却把图伯特人对疫病的隔离说成不人道,这也是很自大的偏见了。其实当年图伯特对外国人的防范,很大程度上也是出于对天花的畏惧。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">传统的隔离办法是有效的,不然怎么办?全都挤在一间房子里吗?据说,乾隆皇帝曾让驻藏大臣在大昭寺对面盖了一间房子接纳天花病患者,反而疫情更是挡不住,被藏人拆除。霍普金斯在书中还提到了皇帝在“拉萨的一个主神殿门口立起一块巨石。巨石摆放的位置使所有的朝圣者都能看到,上面描述了天花爆发后应采取什么措施。”这其实就是当时(<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1794年)在大昭寺前立的所谓“劝人出痘碑”,又称“永远遵行碑”,至今犹在,但碑面坑坑洼洼,布满石头之类利器砸出的许多凹窝,连刻的字都被砸掉了,却有两种解释:一种声称落后的藏人根本不懂可以用种痘的方法防治天花,为此迷信“石碑研磨而出的粉末有治病之效”,就用石块敲砸石碑索取神药,因此这是一块“先进的种痘碑”【4】。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1440px;"><img alt="新冠疫情期间在大昭寺前新盖的两座中式碑亭。(唯色拍摄)" height="1182" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-006.jpg/@@images/b882d54f-3c5b-4ba5-8eaf-2c38f80d3665.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="6" width="1440" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">新冠疫情期间在大昭寺前新盖的两座中式碑亭。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1440px;"><a data-caption="新冠疫情期间在大昭寺前新盖的两座中式碑亭。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-006.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="新冠疫情期间在大昭寺前新盖的两座中式碑亭。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">另一种解释截然不同,来自<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1940年代国民党蒙藏委员会驻藏办事处处长和秘书合著的《西藏与西藏人》一书说,这个“‘天花公告’,不但</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">要求藏民杜绝流放受传染的病人的做法,提倡采取预防措施种牛痘,还禁止藏民以尸体喂鸟的旧习。从汉人的观点看,这是十分可怕的习俗。纪念碑已被破坏得伤痕累累,足以见得藏民对此类干预的不满。”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">5】但这个出自当时在拉萨的汉人的观察,现如今却是被排斥的,反而鼓噪的是这个种痘碑</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“见证了中央政府对西藏人民的关怀”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">6】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,因而</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">无比宝贵。在去年新冠疫情期间,用一座中式碑亭给罩住了,旁边还盖了一座相仿的中式碑亭罩住了“唐蕃会盟碑”,庞大且多余,是对大昭寺传统风貌的破坏。而大昭寺及周围环境早在二十年前就被联合国教科文组织列入了“世界文化遗产”,有若干条为了保护普遍性价值的国际公约是需要遵守和尊重的。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1】 《藏族通史·吉祥宝瓶》,德荣·泽仁邓珠著,西藏人民出版社,2001年出版,不久被当局禁。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《藏区政治史》:夏格巴·</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">旺曲德典</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">著,中国藏学出版社内部资料,<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1992年。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3】见德荣·泽仁邓珠的《藏族通史·吉祥宝瓶》,517页。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">拉萨“劝人种痘碑” :书写天花疫情后的种牛痘功绩这段历史<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/TJ27RsaTl9lMiijCYoKfLQ" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/TJ27RsaTl9lMiijCYoKfLQ</a></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">5】《西藏与西藏人》,沈宗濂、柳陞祺著,柳晓青译,中国藏学出版社,2006年。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">6】 </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">拉萨大昭寺旅游攻略之种痘碑<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.bh2255.com/picture/dazhaosi-6248/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://www.bh2255.com/picture/dazhaosi-6248/</a></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05182022144216.html</a>)</span></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-8127479908639465472024-03-15T18:39:00.009+08:002024-03-15T18:39:59.309+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时,我们在谈论什么?(十四)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时,我们在谈论什么?(十四)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/@@images/e5dd826c-26e6-4c8c-a925-66f0ebc0eb1c.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时,我们在谈论什么?(十四)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">曼唐第四十五幅“病因”细节:左为“天花病因”,右为“天花患者”。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="曼唐第四十五幅“病因”细节:左为“天花病因”,右为“天花患者”。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="曼唐第四十五幅“病因”细节:左为“天花病因”,右为“天花患者”。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(Palden提供)</span></div></div></div><p><br /></p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">8、《四部医典》及80幅曼唐(下)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />在《四部医典》第三部《密诀本集》中,专门有一章是关于天花的,这样写道:“天花疫病有黑痘与白痘之分。黑天花又分脓肿如牛颈疫症、血涸痘症、芒管状痘疫三种;白天花也分皮疹、结痂如头盔状、麻疹三种。”【1】黑天花重,而白天花轻,又称大天花和小天花。就症状的观察非常详细,分初期、中期和晚期,如“天花入于心,症状是癫狂、身体颤抖、心慌,用露药总方加冰片施治,如果不愈,仍然癫狂、烦躁者,为将死之兆。”就如何治疗也很详细,分初期、中期和晚期来治。要知道这可是12世纪的医学著作啊,原著更早,说明藏医学对天花这类疫病早就有了认识、诊断和相应的对治。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 960px;"><img alt="曼唐第三十二幅“补充的药物”细节:天花痂皮。(Palden提供)" height="720" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-592982b175c276ae-002.jpg/@@images/2258901e-2cc5-4433-8629-09a570427910.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2" width="960" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">曼唐第三十二幅“补充的药物”细节:天花痂皮。(Palden提供)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 960px;"><a data-caption="曼唐第三十二幅“补充的药物”细节:天花痂皮。(Palden提供)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-592982b175c276ae-002.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="曼唐第三十二幅“补充的药物”细节:天花痂皮。(Palden提供)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />在《四部医典系列挂图全集》这些三百年前的挂图上,至少画了两个患天花的病人,一男一女,裸露的身体浑身都是大大的圆圈,卷发女子更惨,满脸都是痘疤。在她旁边则是一大盆写有“天花痂皮”的东西,以示用来种痘避疫的药。必须要说明的是,随着天花病毒的变异无疑大大地增加了治疗的难度,就像21世纪的如今对持久肆虐的新冠病毒的医治,全世界各国又有多少行之有效的方法呢?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1600px;"><img alt="1938年的利众医学院即曼巴扎仓原貌。(德国动物学家Ernst Schäfer拍摄,图片来自网络)" height="1144" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-66fc5df4624e4ed3-003.jpg/@@images/a1a69994-b199-47d9-860a-7c32062ffde8.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3" width="1600" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">1938年的利众医学院即曼巴扎仓原貌。(德国动物学家Ernst Schäfer拍摄,图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1600px;"><a data-caption="1938年的利众医学院即曼巴扎仓原貌。(德国动物学家Ernst Schäfer拍摄,图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-66fc5df4624e4ed3-003.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="1938年的利众医学院即曼巴扎仓原貌。(德国动物学家Ernst Schäfer拍摄,图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />依据五世达赖喇嘛旨意,1696年,第司·桑杰嘉措(即执政首相桑杰嘉措)在布达拉宫西南面的夹波日(Chakpori,铁围山,汉语称药王山),盖了第一所藏医药利众学院曼巴扎仓(Medicine Dratsang,汉语称药王寺),“来自西藏各地和蒙古各地的医生云集于此,学习多年发展起来的医学各流派的成就”【2】。主殿供奉一尊巨大的用蓝宝石装饰的药师佛像,并供有诸多圣物,如“有一个石臼和捣槌,……属于印藏医学的奠基人”【3】,那是一位古印度著名医师。80幅精美绝伦又古朴十足的原版曼唐悬挂满壁,被当年来拉萨旅行或在拉萨暂居的西方人注意到,并留下记录(遗憾我没能找到照片)。如奥地利登山家海因里希·哈勒就在他闻名全球的著作《西藏七年》(Seven Years in Tibet)中写道:“墙上经常陈列彩色图解。有一次我在那儿,一位老师便藉图解向我解释由某植物所造成的中毒症状。学生可以看到植物、症状、解毒剂及其反应的图片,就如吾人学校里的墙上教学。”【4】<p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 3208px;"><img alt="利众医学院学僧吹长角法号。(英国探险家Frederick Spencer Chapman 1936年拍摄,唯色翻拍)" height="2175" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-54396cd553f7-004.jpg/@@images/59c97a45-4aa7-48e1-aed8-aed7a31f1200.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="4" width="3208" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">利众医学院学僧吹长角法号。(英国探险家Frederick Spencer Chapman 1936年拍摄,唯色翻拍)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 3208px;"><a data-caption="利众医学院学僧吹长角法号。(英国探险家Frederick Spencer Chapman 1936年拍摄,唯色翻拍)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-54396cd553f7-004.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="利众医学院学僧吹长角法号。(英国探险家Frederick Spencer Chapman 1936年拍摄,唯色翻拍)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />但在1959年3月20日,这座医学院被解放军157团的炮火夷为废墟,然后插上了五星红旗,并有军营驻扎于山间和山下。1985年,则在遗址上立起了一座79米的电视塔,至今依然醒目。而在猛烈的炮火中,会有几幅原版曼唐幸存?<p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 3256px;"><img alt="如今仍可见到利众医学院废墟。(唯色2022年2月拍摄)" height="2356" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-4eca592966fc5df4624e4ed35e9f589f-005.jpg/@@images/e2f133d1-3466-4263-bbec-297b7f0b5985.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="5" width="3256" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">如今仍可见到利众医学院废墟。(唯色2022年2月拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 3256px;"><a data-caption="如今仍可见到利众医学院废墟。(唯色2022年2月拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html/56708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-4eca592966fc5df4624e4ed35e9f589f-005.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="如今仍可见到利众医学院废墟。(唯色2022年2月拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />如今我们只能从一些老照片上见到昔日宛如城堡的药王山利众医学院,是西方人和拉萨贵族当年拍摄的。其中一张照片上,两位僧人朝着布达拉宫吹奏长长的铜制法号,如同召唤选自全藏各寺及蒙古、不丹等地的学僧向蓝琉璃药师佛致敬,恰如当年盛传拉萨的一首歌谣:“金笛唢呐之声,从布达拉宫顶传出;悦耳的长角法号,在药王山上吹响。”很多图伯特人将这张照片放大了挂在家里及公共场域,传达出对往昔时光的怀念。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />相信有些人可能会如我一样,记得在被誉为“医圣”的宇妥·宁玛元丹贡布的传记上,五世尊者达赖喇嘛特别撰写了一首优美隽永的诗歌作为题词:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />“愿医药之树的檀香味到处飘散,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />使人们得到极大的宽慰!<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />消灭贪嗔痴三毒所致的四百零四种疾病,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />使人们的身体健壮,有如众神!<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />……愿你来世出生在蓝琉璃药师佛的净土,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />成为人类的保护者!”<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />注释:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【1】补充,落藏永旦博士说:“在过去,天花和麻疹经常相互被混淆。”<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【2】《雪域境外流亡记》(In Exile from the Land of Snows),(美)约翰·F·艾夫唐著,尹建新译,西藏人民出版社,1987年。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【3】《佛教香客在圣地西藏》,(俄)崔比科夫著,王献军译,西藏人民出版社,1993年。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【4】《西藏七年与少年达赖》,哈勒(Heinrich Harrer)著,刁筱华译,台湾大块文化,1997年。</div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 24px;"><br /></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-05032022100035.html</a>)</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-24781273697458376112024-03-15T18:37:00.005+08:002024-03-15T18:37:40.271+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十三)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十三)" height="465" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/@@images/fed01d41-faae-413d-90c3-4c8832c94cb6.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十三)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">一幅古旧的医学唐卡“曼唐”。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="一幅古旧的医学唐卡“曼唐”。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="一幅古旧的医学唐卡“曼唐”。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(图片来自网络)</span></div></div></div><p><br /></p><div class="mobilecontainer" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div id="storytop" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 620px;"></div></div><div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></div><div id="storytext" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.9px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;">8、《四部医典》及<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">80</span>幅曼唐(中)</h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">80幅曼唐(<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">MeDical Tang</span>)即医学唐卡的第一幅挂图是藏医学传承图,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">被哥伦比亚大学教授</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Robert Thurman在推特上</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">赞美是</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">药师佛的花园</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,言简意赅地形容了宛如蓝宝石的药师琉璃光佛与无数花草树木、飞禽走兽构成的坛城世界。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">曼唐的第二幅挂图是一棵枝繁叶茂的医学树,即如意菩提树,“有三个树根、九根树干、四十三条树枝、二百二十四片树叶、三枚果子和两朵花”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1】(“长寿之花结出无限安乐之果”、“健康之花结出虔诚信仰和财富之果”),以象征人体的生理功能和病理变化。还有一些令人惊叹的挂图布满医疗器械,各种各样的针镊钳刀帮助学习者了解如何实施解剖手术,而这实在是非常重要,证明了藏医学所具备的科学性。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1049px;"><img alt="这幅“曼唐”绘制于1920-1950年间。(图片来自网络)" height="1422" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-66fc55102.jpg/@@images/0a73dc20-1ea6-44ef-b710-c53211bfe5b0.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2" width="1049" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">这幅“曼唐”绘制于1920-1950年间。(图片来自网络)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1049px;"><a data-caption="这幅“曼唐”绘制于1920-1950年间。(图片来自网络)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-66fc55102.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="这幅“曼唐”绘制于1920-1950年间。(图片来自网络)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些挂图的作用正是用来学习的。如第司·桑结嘉措所言:“借助它,可以使《四部医典》研习者对各章节内容,犹如托在掌心中的透明余甘子那样,一目了然。”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2】</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">美国记者约翰·艾夫唐曾在藏人流亡社区访谈过尊者达赖喇嘛的私人医生,记录了如何学习藏医学的过程:“课程从医学树解释图开始,这张图标出了医学的各个领域在整个医学中所占的应有位置。益西丹增和他的同学从八廓街买来了彩线、棍子和鲜艳的塑料扣,在他们房间的大石板上拼凑这棵树。……他们掌握了这幅图之后,就学习怎样将医典中的各个章节与医学树的各个部分对照起来,然后他们学习第一根、第一干、第一枝。”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3】但我们需要知道的是,这套曼唐“不止是一种教学工具。……虽然它们依然用于课堂医学教学,但我们也可以把它们视为对往昔伟大的西藏文明的一个极其宝贵、值得称道的象征。”【4】</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1440px;"><img alt="这是1986年西藏人民出版社出版的《四部医典系列挂图全集》。(唯色拍摄)" height="1080" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-56db90e8533b51781.jpg/@@images/a414bca4-2c12-489f-a387-8ecfbbcece51.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3" width="1440" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">这是1986年西藏人民出版社出版的《四部医典系列挂图全集》。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1440px;"><a data-caption="这是1986年西藏人民出版社出版的《四部医典系列挂图全集》。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-56db90e8533b51781.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="这是1986年西藏人民出版社出版的《四部医典系列挂图全集》。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我不可能有亲眼观赏到这套堪称无价之宝的曼唐的福报,但从相关注释可以读到图伯特文学独具的华丽辞藻,如第<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">78幅挂图这样赞美《四部医典》的智慧:“是从死神手里夺回生命的法轮,是消灭疾病的勇士,是平衡四大五行的支柱,是砍断非时死亡绳索的宝剑,是砸碎病痛的铁锤,是从痛苦的泥潭里拯救众生的铁钩,是保命的无畏大施主,是起死回生的甘露。”【5】</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 622px;"><img alt="《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图。(唯色拍摄)" height="826" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-66fc55101.jpg/@@images/d582683b-7138-4c19-9281-a7a4122ee241.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="4" width="622" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 622px;"><a data-caption="《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-66fc55101.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《四部医典》把<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">404种疾病的根源归结为贪、嗔、痴,并在绘画中以鸟、蛇和猪来象征三毒。不过,摊开在桌子上的这本沉甸甸的挂图全集,即西藏人民出版社1986年出版的《四部医典系列挂图全集》,其中文编者却将不少内容说成是“糟粕”和“迷信”,但又补充“瑕不掩瑜……是祖国医药学理论著述中最卓越的少数民族医药经典。”不过无论如何,能在世事反转之后的年代整理、翻译、出版这样的宝贵典籍就好,我们还须合十感谢。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.9px; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 1440px;"><img alt="《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图局部。(唯色拍摄)" height="1080" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-56db90e8533b51783.jpg/@@images/7caafe4f-de4d-4c5a-9ef3-7f596b56820e.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="5" width="1440" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图局部。(唯色拍摄)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1440px;"><a data-caption="《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图局部。(唯色拍摄)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba2-56db90e8533b51783.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="《四部医典系列挂图全集》中的插图局部。(唯色拍摄)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1】《雪域境外流亡记》(In Exile from the Land of Snows),(美)约翰·F·艾夫唐(John F.Avedon)著,尹建新</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">译,西藏人民出版社,<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1987年。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2】《四部医典系列挂图全集》,编译注释者王镭、强巴赤列,西藏人民出版社,1986年。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3】《雪域境外流亡记》</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(In Exile from the Land of Snows),(美)约翰·<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">F</span>·艾夫唐著,尹建新</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">译,西藏人民出版社,<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1987年。</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4】这段话也摘自</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">哈佛大学教授詹尼特·嘉措(<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Janet Gyatso)</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">关于《身体与灵魂:藏医唐卡挂图精解》的导言。</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">5】 《四部医典(精版)》,宇妥·元丹贡布著,王斌主编,江苏凤凰科学技术出版社,2016年。</span></span></p><div><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face=""Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; letter-spacing: 0.9px;">本文发表于自由亚洲特约评论:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.9px;"><a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html">https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04202022114404.html</a>)</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-101413679960970342.post-47057765523435580782024-03-15T18:35:00.011+08:002024-03-15T18:35:50.296+08:00特约评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十二)<div class="separator"><div id="headerimg" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 1px;"><img alt="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十二)" height="826" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04052022103351.html/@@images/1c010a1e-9923-4e22-9f1b-420425302f59.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" title="评论 | 唯色:当我们谈论天花时我们在谈论什么(十二)" width="620" /><span class="lead_image_caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: block; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 12px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; width: 620px;">曼唐之一:藏醫學傳承圖。</span><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 620px;"><a data-caption="曼唐之一:藏醫學傳承圖。" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04052022103351.html/@@images/image/social_media" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" title="曼唐之一:藏醫學傳承圖。"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /> </a><span class="copyright" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">(Palden2021年翻拍)</span></div></div></div><p><br /></p><div class="clear" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div><div id="storytext" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, STHeiti, 华文黑体, SimSun, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 24px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">8、《四部医典》及80幅曼唐(上)</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">藏语的“天花”主要有这样的称呼:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">音译的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“拉仲”(<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">lha'brum)和音译的“仲勒”(drum ne)。</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“仲勒”的意思简单,前面提到过,即</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">落痂之病。“拉仲”的意思特别:天神撒下的花瓣,或天神留下的印记。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">五世达赖喇嘛传记里写的就是“拉仲”,而这位“拉”即天神是有名字的:女神</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">玛摩康卓<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ma mo mkha’gro)。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国过去没有“天花”这个称呼,而是叫“痘疮”、“痘症”,各种“痘”或“疮”,文人墨客则诗意地称“豌豆疮”。据记载,“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">至清代在《天花精言》一书中才正式出现</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">‘</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">天花</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">’</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的病名。”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">落藏永旦</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">说,汉语的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">天花</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一词或可能来自藏语</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“拉仲”的含义,满语的天花女神的发音恰与藏语一样,也称</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ma mo,也可能来自藏语</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。他还说,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">藏医学著作中关于天花有多达<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">300多个文献,堪称历史上各国天花文献中最多;并且有治疗方法,出现在著名的藏医学著作《四部医典》</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(藏语发音“居悉”)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中,更有挂图呈现。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 747px;"><img alt="曼唐之一:如意菩提樹。(Palden2021年翻拍)" height="1024" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04052022103351.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-66fc55102.jpg/@@images/66b55116-6acd-49dd-a40e-c4b6ff7986ef.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="2" width="747" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">曼唐之一:如意菩提樹。(Palden2021年翻拍)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 747px;"><a data-caption="曼唐之一:如意菩提樹。(Palden2021年翻拍)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04052022103351.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-66fc55102.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="曼唐之一:如意菩提樹。(Palden2021年翻拍)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">据历史学家夏格巴</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">·旺秋德典先生</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">介绍,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《四部医典》最早是公元<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">8世纪吐蕃赞普赤松德赞时代,由图伯特译师与印度学者将佛陀释迦牟尼化身药师佛口授教言译成《四续》,埋藏在桑耶寺正殿的宝瓶柱下,后被取出并由12世纪的大医师宇妥·萨玛元丹贡布整理、加注、补充等。我检索到有些中文书籍对《四部医典》的介绍,绝口不提梵文原本,却称是藏人医师结合了汉地传来的中医医书来著述,还强调与两个唐国女子即传说中无所不能的文成公主和金城公主有关,甚至声称“早在《四部医典》成书之前,汉族医学已经与西藏人民进行频繁交流,对藏医学的形成和发展产生明显的影响”【2】。显然有些人关于图伯特的任何历史叙事都会夹带私货,归在中华之大一统的麾下。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《四部医典》正文开篇这样描述药师佛所在的药城:“……一座用五种珍宝建成的无量宫殿,里面装饰着种类极多的珍贵药物。这些药物能治医治隆病、赤巴病、培根病、合并症以及综合症等四百零四种疾病,能使热病转凉、寒病转暖,并能平息八万邪魔,使一切愿望得以实现。……在无量宫殿正中的琉璃宝座上,端坐着被称为导师、世尊、医圣、琉璃光王的佛。”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3】接着是以佛经回答的方式,由药师佛向提问的五个化身的仙人揭示医学奥秘,多达146个章节。其敘述视角恰如8世纪吐蕃赞普赤松德赞的御医</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">宇妥</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">·宁玛</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">元丹贡布的传记里所写:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我在自己思想的宝石面前顶礼!在所有的最美丽的回忆之中,就是去回忆喇嘛的美德。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">”【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>】</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我有一部《四部医典系列挂图全集》,是西藏人民出版社<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1986年出版的,体型庞大,500多页,重达3.45公斤,售价110元,这在当时可是价格不菲。我至少是在十多年后才在拉萨那家临街的出版社书店买的,都快散架了,有发霉的印迹,还涨到400元,但听说是最后一本就咬牙买了。没过多久,住在江南的画画好友要断舍离,把她从拉萨背回去的缺了几张彩色挂图的画册送给我了,但比我的那本新,也没散架。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><figure class="image-richtext image-inline captioned" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; float: none; height: auto; margin: 10px 15px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px; width: 768px;"><img alt="曼唐之一:病例圖示。(Palden2021年翻拍)" height="1024" src="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04052022103351.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-66fc55103.jpg/@@images/81044b00-2534-4a33-ae70-34e993ecbe7e.jpeg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" title="3" width="768" /><figcaption class="image-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; font-family: "Merriweather Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 17px; margin: 7px 0.5em 0.7em 0.1em; max-width: 620px;">曼唐之一:病例圖示。(Palden2021年翻拍)</figcaption><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;"></small><div id="zoomattribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; height: auto; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; text-align: right; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 768px;"><a data-caption="曼唐之一:病例圖示。(Palden2021年翻拍)" data-fancybox="" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/weise/ws-04052022103351.html/46708-81ea75314e9a6d3272797ea68bc48bba1-66fc55103.jpg" id="single_image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank" title="曼唐之一:病例圖示。(Palden2021年翻拍)"><img src="https://www.rfa.org/++plone++rfa-resources/img/icon-zoom.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 620px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">是的,我们都把这本大书当艺术类的画册来看,那些洋溢着浓郁的世俗生活气息,并且生动又奇异的绘画让人着迷。我还更多一层喜爱,觉得很多关于挂图局部的注释完全就是绝佳的诗句,如“人摆脱不掉贪嗔痴三毒,就像鸟摆脱不掉影子一样。贪(贪欲)似鸟,嗔(嫉愤)似蛇,痴(痴呆)似猪,三者是一切疾病的根源”。虽然当时的拍摄和印刷简陋,彩色挂图细看模糊,但有无数幅的局部细节以黑白图画展示,已经相当丰富,目不暇接。曾经一位要好的画家朋友还描摹过十几幅,是挂图中有趣的局部,如青年男女的同池沐浴或眉目传情之类,以油画的形式,尺寸都不大,还在旁边增添了六世达赖喇嘛仓央嘉措的浪漫诗句。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">这本挂图的原版形成于<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1687年至1703年,由智慧非凡的摄政王第司·桑杰嘉措遵循五世达赖喇嘛的要求,主持绘制了79幅(后补画一幅历代名医唐卡,故又称80幅)成套曼唐(MeDical Tang)即医学唐卡,以“近八千幅特色鲜明的图画,展现了藏医知识的方方面面,如人体解剖、疾病的因果关系及诊断和治疗”【5】。每幅曼唐都是第司·桑杰嘉措对《四部医典》的诠释之作</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《蓝琉璃:医学广论药师佛意庄严四续光明》</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的图画表达。全套曼唐的价值,正如哈佛大学神学院教授、藏学家詹尼特·嘉措(<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Janet Gyatso)的评论:“超越了唐卡创作本身,甚至超越了医理和宗教修持的范畴。……藏医唐卡反映的是一个世界性的拉萨社会。这个社会在‘伟大的五世达赖喇嘛’阿旺洛桑嘉措雄心勃勃的统治期及之后的时期曾兴盛过。”【6】</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">庆幸的是,三百年来一直有对原版曼唐挂图的临摹。如十三世达赖喇嘛时代就至少临摹了两套(或三套):一套存于达赖喇嘛的夏宫罗布林卡;一套存于俄罗斯布里亚特首府乌兰乌德(据悉是<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1921年俄罗斯使团访问拉萨时,十三世尊者赠送的礼物,或也可能是十三世达赖喇嘛的外交官、布里亚特喇嘛阿旺洛桑多杰带去的)。拉萨的自治区藏医院也有一套。1998年,美国自然历史博物馆在纽约展出了一位尼泊尔艺术家用七年临摹绘制的全套曼唐,展览名称美好而准确:身体与灵魂——西藏医学唐卡。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人痘术<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,消灭天花的医学源头<a href="http://www.people.com.cn/24hour/n/2013/0309/c25408-20729835.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0645ad;" target="_blank">http://www.people.com.cn/24hour/n/2013/0309/c25408-20729835.html</a></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">这句话见《西藏医学》译者前言。《西藏医学》,日琼仁颇且·甲拜衮桑编著,蔡景峰译,西藏人民出版社,<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1982年。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《四部医典(精版)》,宇妥·元丹贡布著,王斌主编,江苏凤凰科学技术出版社,<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2016年。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《西藏医学》之《伟大的医圣宇妥·元丹贡布传记》,日琼仁颇且·甲拜衮桑编著,蔡景峰译,西藏人民出版社,<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1982年。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">5】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">《身体与灵魂:藏医唐卡挂图精解》,(美)莱拉·威廉姆森等编,(尼泊尔)洛米奥·什雷斯塔等绘,向红笳译,中国藏学出版社,<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2020年。</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">【<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">6】</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">这段话摘自《身体与灵魂:藏医唐卡挂图精解》的导言。</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0